FM 3-06.11 Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain.pdf
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FM 3-06.11
(FM 90-10-1)
COMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS
IN URBAN TERRAIN
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is
unlimited.
*
FM 3-06.11
(FM 90-10-1)
FIELD MANUAL
HEADQUARTERS
No. 3-06.11
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, DC, 28 February 2002
COMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS
IN URBAN TERRAIN
CONTENTS
Page
Preface ................................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Section
I. General Considerations .........................................................................1-1
1-1. Definitions.................................................................................1-1
1-2. Full Spectrum Operations/Urban Operations Concept .............1-4
1-3. Tactical Challenges ...................................................................1-5
1-4. Importance of Urban Areas .......................................................1-7
1-5. Fundamentals of Urban Operations ..........................................1-9
1-6. Characteristics of Urban Operations .......................................1-12
1-7. Urban Battle Space..................................................................1-15
Section
II. Special Considerations ........................................................................1-17
1-8. Weapons Considerations.........................................................1-17
1-9. Target Engagement .................................................................1-18
1-10. Munitions and Equipment .......................................................1-19
1-11. Noncombatants........................................................................1-19
1-12. Disease Prevention ..................................................................1-22
1-13. Stress .......................................................................................1-22
1-14. Fratricide Avoidance...............................................................1-23
1-15. Situational Awareness.............................................................1-24
1-16. Media ......................................................................................1-25
1-17. Unexploded Ordnance.............................................................1-26
CHAPTER 2. URBAN ANALYSIS
Section
I. Models of Urban Areas .........................................................................2-1
2-1. General Urban Characteristics ..................................................2-1
2-2. Description of Urban Areas Worldwide ...................................2-2
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
__________________________
*This publication supersedes FM 90-10-1, 12 May 1993, with Change 1, 3 Oct 95.
i
FM 3-06.11
Page
Section
II. Terrain and Weather Analyses ..............................................................2-3
2-3. Urban Zones and Street Patterns ...............................................2-3
2-4. Special Terrain Considerations .................................................2-9
2-5. Special Weather Considerations .............................................2-12
2-6. Analysis of Other Characteristics ...........................................2-13
2-7. Aperture Analysis ...................................................................2-13
2-8. Questions for Commanders and Leaders ................................2-15
Section
III. Urban Building Analysis.....................................................................2-15
2-9. Types of Mass-Construction Buildings...................................2-16
2-10. Types of Framed Buildings .....................................................2-20
2-11. Floor Plans… ..........................................................................2-24
2-12. Residential Areas ....................................................................2-27
2-13. Characteristics of Buildings ....................................................2-29
2-14. Distribution of Building Types ...............................................2-29
Section
IV. Urban Threat Evaluation .....................................................................2-31
2-15. Operational Factors .................................................................2-31
2-16. Threat ......................................................................................2-34
2-17. Projected Threat Capabilities ..................................................2-38
2-18. Modern Urban Battle Analysis ...............................................2-39
CHAPTER 3. URBAN COMBAT SKILLS
Section
I. Movement .............................................................................................3-1
3-1. Crossing Open Areas ................................................................3-1
3-2. Movement Parallel to Buildings ...............................................3-1
3-3. Movement Past Windows .........................................................3-2
3-4. Movement Around Corners.......................................................3-4
3-5. Crossing a Wall .........................................................................3-5
3-6. Use of Doorways.......................................................................3-5
3-7. Movement Between Positions...................................................3-6
3-8. Fire Team Employment.............................................................3-7
Section
II. Entry Techniques ..................................................................................3-8
3-9. Upper Building Levels ..............................................................3-8
3-10. Use of Grappling Hook ...........................................................3-10
3-11. Scaling of Walls ......................................................................3-10
3-12. Rappelling ...............................................................................3-12
3-13. Entry at Lower Levels.............................................................3-12
3-14. Use of Hand Grenades ............................................................3-15
3-15. Individual Weapons Control When Moving ...........................3-22
Section
III. Clearing ...............................................................................................3-22
3-16. High Intensity Versus Precision Clearing Techniques ...........3-22
3-17. Principles of Precision Room Clearing ...................................3-23
3-18. Fundamentals of Precision Room Clearing.............................3-24
3-19. Composition of the Clearing Team .........................................3-24
3-20. Breaching ................................................................................3-25
ii
FM 3-06.11
Page
3-21. Considerations for Entry .........................................................3-27
3-22. Techniques for Entering Buildings and Clearing Rooms .......3-28
3-23. Reflexive Shooting..................................................................3-35
3-24. Target Discrimination .............................................................3-39
3-25. Movement Within a Building..................................................3-39
3-26. Verbal Commands and Signals ...............................................3-45
3-27. Safety and Force Protection ....................................................3-46
Section
IV. Fighting Positions ...............................................................................3-47
3-28. Hasty Fighting Position...........................................................3-47
3-29. Prepared Fighting Position......................................................3-50
3-30. Target Acquisition...................................................................3-60
3-31.
Defense Against Flame Weapons and Incendiary
Munitions ................................................................................3-62
3-32. Defense Against Enhanced Flame Weapons...........................3-63
Section
V. Navigation in Urban Areas .................................................................3-65
3-33. Military Maps..........................................................................3-66
3-34. Global Positioning Systems ....................................................3-66
3-35. Aerial Photographs..................................................................3-67
Section
VI. Camouflage .........................................................................................3-67
3-36. Application..............................................................................3-67
3-37. Use of Shadows.......................................................................3-67
3-38. Color and Texture ...................................................................3-69
CHAPTER 4. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Section
I. Offensive Considerations ......................................................................4-1
4-1. Reasons for Attacking Urban Areas..........................................4-1
4-2. Reasons for Not Attacking Urban Areas...................................4-2
4-3. Troop Requirements..................................................................4-2
4-4. Fires and Maneuver...................................................................4-2
4-5. Limitations ................................................................................4-7
Section
II. Mission, Enemy, Terrain, Troops, Time, Civil Factors ........................4-8
4-6. Mission......................................................................................4-8
4-7. Enemy .......................................................................................4-9
4-8. Terrain and Weather..................................................................4-9
4-9. Troops Available.......................................................................4-9
4-10. Time Available........................................................................4-10
4-11 Civil Considerations................................................................4-10
Section
III. Command and Control ........................................................................4-10
4-12. Command ................................................................................4-11
4-13. Control ....................................................................................4-11
4-14. Focus on the Threat.................................................................4-13
4-15. Commander’s Critical Information Requirements..................4-14
4-16. Rehearsals ...............................................................................4-15
iii
FM 3-06.11
Page
Section IV. Offensive Framework and Types of Attacks ......................................4-15
4-17. Offensive Framework..............................................................4-15
4-18. Hasty Attack............................................................................4-16
4-19. Deliberate Attack ....................................................................4-17
Section V. Brigade Offensive Operations.............................................................4-17
4-20. Task Organization ...................................................................4-17
4-21. Assess......................................................................................4-19
4-22. Shape .......................................................................................4-20
4-23. Dominate .................................................................................4-21
4-24. Types of Offensive Operations ...............................................4-21
4-25. Transition ................................................................................4-29
Section VI. Battalion Task Force Offensive Operations........................................4-29
4-26. Task Organization ...................................................................4-30
4-27. Deliberate Attack ....................................................................4-31
4-28. Movement to Contact..............................................................4-35
4-29. Infiltration ...............................................................................4-36
4-30. Attack of a Village ..................................................................4-38
4-31. Route Security and Clearance .................................................4-38
4-32. Nodal Attack ...........................................................................4-40
Section VII. Company Team Attack of an Urban Area...........................................4-41
4-33. Task Organization ...................................................................4-42
4-34. Deliberate Attack ....................................................................4-44
4-35. Isolate an Urban Objective......................................................4-46
4-36. Assault a Building ...................................................................4-49
4-37. Attack of a Block or Group of Buildings ................................4-51
4-38. Hasty Attack............................................................................4-52
4-39. Movement to Contact and Reconnaissance ............................4-53
4-40. Seizure of Key Urban Terrain .................................................4-55
4-41. Direct Fire Planning and Control ............................................4-57
Section VIII. Platoon Attack of an Urban Area ........................................................4-61
4-42. Task Organization (Platoon Attack of a Building) .................4-61
4-43. Movement in Urban Terrain ...................................................4-63
4-44. Attacking in Urban Terrain .....................................................4-64
4-45. Platoon Assault of a Building .................................................4-66
4-46. Consolidation and Reorganization ..........................................4-68
CHAPTER 5. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Section
I. Defensive Considerations .....................................................................5-1
5-1. Reasons for Defending Urban Areas.........................................5-1
5-2. Reasons for Not Defending Urban Areas..................................5-2
5-3. General Considerations .............................................................5-2
iv
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