English Language Studies - English Grammar.pdf - GRAMATYKA - malenagad

CONTENTS

UNIT 1 THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

UNIT 3 THE PASSIVE

144

1-1

1-2

1-3

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-7

1-8

1-9

1-10

1-11

1-12

1-13

1-14

1-15

1-16

1-17

1-18

1-19

1-20

1-21

1-22

1-23

1-24

1-25

1-26

1-27

1-28

1-29

1-30

1-31

1-32

1-33

1-34

1-35

THE VERB "BE' ................................................................................. 7

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .............................................. 8

USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................. 9

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ...................................................... 10

USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ......................................... 10

THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ................ 13

NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS .............................................................. 14

NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE .......................................... 15

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.............................................................. 17

USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ................................................. 18

CONFUSING VERBS ........................................................................ 21

EMPHATIC "DO" ............................................................................... 26

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................... 27

USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................ 27

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .................................................. 32

USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ....................................... 32

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE .............................. 39

USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................... 39

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS ............................... 40

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE ....................................................... 46

USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT ........................................ 47

SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT in TIME CLAUSES ..................... 49

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................... 55

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS ..................... 56

FUTURE TIME (WILL/SHALL or BE GOING TO) ............................. 60

USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES ........................................................ 60

FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES ................................................ 62

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................. 64

USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................. 64

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .................................................. 66

USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ......................................... 66

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................... 67

USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................. 67

TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES ........................................... 69

TEST YOURSELF 1 ........................................................................... 81

FORMING THE PASSIVE .......................................................... 144

POSITION OF TIME ADVERBIALS IN THE PASSIVE ................. 145

USING "BYPHRASE' .............................................................. 147

USING PASSIVE IN INTERROGATES ..................................... 148

INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS ............................ 152

THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS ............................................ 155

STATIVE PASSIVE .................................................................... 156

STATIVE PASSIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS ................................ 157

THE PASSIVE WITH "GET" ....................................................... 159

3-10 "BY PHRASE" OR ANOTHER PREPOSITION .............................. 161

3-11 IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS in the PASSIVE .............................. 162

3-12 PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS-INFINITIVES ................................... 163

3-13 ITS SAID THAT.../HE IS SAID TO... ete ....................................... 164

TEST YOURSELF 3 ................................................................. 173

UNIT 4 "IF" and "WISH" CLAUSES ........................... 187

4-1 "If' CLAUSES ........................................................................... 187

4-2 TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ......................... 188

4-3 TYPE 1 "IF CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .................. 188

4-4 TYPE 2: UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE .................... 190

4-5 TYPE 2 "If' CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .................... 191

4-6 TYPE 3: UNTRUE IN THE PAST ............................................... 193

4-7 TYPE 3 "IF 1 CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .................. 193

4-8 OTHER TENSE COMBINATIONS IN "/F CLAUSES .................. 196

4-9 OTHER CONDITIONALS ........................................................ 202

4-10 "MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES .................................................... 207

4-11 OMITTING "IF' ......................................................................... 209

4-12 IMPLIED CONDITIONS ............................................................. 211

4-13 WISH CLAUSES ................................................................... 213

4-14 AS IF/AS THOUGH ................................................................. 218

TEST YOURSELF 4 .................................................................. 221

UNIT 5 NOUN CLAUSES and REPORTED SPEECH 234

NOUN CLAUSES WITH A QUESTION WORD ..................................

235

NOUN CLAUSES WITH "WHETHER OR NOT' ...................................

239

NOUN CLAUSES WITH "THAT' ........................................................

........................................................................................................ 2

THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES .........................................

........................................................................................................ 2

46 NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION ................ 248

NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ........................ 249

TENSE RELATIONS IN NOUN CLAUSES ................................... 249

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES ............. 251

QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES ...................... 252

5-10 EXCLAMATIONS ...................................................................... 253

5-11 SPECIAL EMPHASIS WITH QUESTION WORDS + ON EARTH /IN

THE WORLD ............................................................................ 254

5-12 "-EVER" WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES ..................................... 255

TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART ONE) ............................................. 258

5-13 REPORTED SPEECH .............................................................. 270

5-14 REPORTING STATEMENTS ................................................... 270

5-15 REPORTING QUESTIONS ....................................................... 275

5-16 REPORTING IMPERATIVES .................................................... 277

5-17 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES) ...................................... 279

5-18 AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS ................................. 281

5-19 TOO and EITHER .................................................................... 281

5-20 SO and NEITHER/NOR ............................................................ 281

5-21 AUXILIARY VERBS in SHORT QUESTIONS................................ 284

5-22 "SO" and "WOT" REPRESENTING a THAT-CLAUSE .................... 285

5-23 QUESTION TAGS .................................................................... 287

TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART TWO) ........................................... 291

5-1

5-2

5-3

5-4

5-5

5-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

UNIT 2 MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

2-1 REQUESTS ..............................................................................

2-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT T ................................ 95

2-3 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU 1 .............................................. 96

2-4 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND' .......................... 97

2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .................................... 99

2-6 NECESSITY and PROHIBITION ................................................. 100

2-7 NECESSITY: MUST; HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO .......................... 100

2-8 PROHIBITION: MUSTN'T ........................................................ 102

2-9 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST ........................................ 103

2-10 ADVISABILITY ........................................................................ 105

2-11 SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER ....................................... 105

2-12 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT ................. 106

2-13 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T BE DOING

OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING................................... 107

2-14 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE

OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE DONE ................................. 107

2-15 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN DOING

OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING ..................... 108

2-16 EXPECTATIONS: BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO ..................... 109

2-17 ABILITY: CAN and BE ABLE TO ............................................... 111

2-18 MAKING SUGGESTIONS ........................................................ 115

2-19 EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ............................... 117

2-20 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PRESENT TIME ......................... 117

2-21 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS .................... 118

2-22 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PAST TIME .................................. 119

2-23 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS ............................ 120

2-24 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in FUTURE TIME ........................... 121

2-25 ADVANCED NOTES ON MODALS ............................................ 122

2-26 PREFERENCE ......................................................................... 125

2-27 HABITUAL PAST: USED TO and WOULD ................................... 128

TEST YOURSELF 2 ................................................................. 131

UNIT 6 GERUNDS and INFINITIVES .............................. 303

6-1 GERUNDS .............................................................................. 303

6-2 GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE , ...... .- ....................... 303

6-3 GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ................................. 304

6-4 GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT................................................. 305

6-5 GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION .................... 306

6-6 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND ..................................................... 314

6-7 THE PERFECT GERUND ........................................................ 317

6-8 THE PASSIVE GERUND ........................................................... 317

6-9 INFINITIVES ............................................................................ 319

6-10 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE ......................... 319

6-11 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT .................................. 322

6-12 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT ............................................. 323

6-13 GERUND or INFINITIVE ............................................................ 327

6-14 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS ....................................... 332

6-15 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES ............................. 332

6-16 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE ........................... 334

6-17 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO ............................... 336

6-18 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ....................................... 337

6-19 VERBS OF PERCEPTION ........................................................ 339

6-20 INFINITIVE WITHOUT"TO"AFTER"LET" AND"HELP" .......... 341

6-21 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE .................. 342

6-22 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS ................................. 343

6-23 CAUSATIVES ......................................................................... 343

TEST YOURSELF 6 ................................................................. 348

9-5 POSSESSIVE NOUNS ............................................................. 476

9-6 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/AN ..................................................... 478

9-7 DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE ......................................................... 480

9-8 QUANTIFIERS .......................................................................... 484

9-9 ANY, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF/LOTS OF, NO ................ 484

9-10 FEW/A FEW, LITTLE/A LITTLE ................................................. 487

9-11 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY OF, ENOUGH ................................ 488

9-12 ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HALF ...................................................... 489

9-13 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER ....................................................... 492

9-14 QUANTIFIERS USED WITH SINGULAR NOUNS: ONE,

EACH, EVERY ......................................................................... 495

9-15 OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY .................................... 497

9-16 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE WITH QUANTIFIERS ......... 498

9-17 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 500

9-18 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 502

9-19 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ................................................. 504

9-20 BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ...................................... 505

9-21 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH EXPRESSIONS OF

QUANTITY .............................................................................. 505

9-22 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH THERE IS / THERE ARE .... 5Q6

9-23 COLLECTIVE NOUNS .............................................................. 507

9-24 NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL ....................................... 507

9-25 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES 507

9-26 PRONOUN AGREEMENT ........................................................ 509

9-27 FORMS of "OTHER" ................................................................. 510

TEST YOURSELF 9 ................................................................. 516

UNIT 7 ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS.

7-1 ADJECTIVES .......................................................................... 360

7-2 THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES ............................................... 362

7-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES ............. 363

7-4 ADVERBS ............................................................................... 367

7-5 FORMING ADVERBS WITH -LY .............................................. 367

7-6 USE OF ADVERBS ................................................................. 367

7-7 IRREGULAR ADVERBS .......................................................... 368

7-8 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE ............................... 371

7-9 ADVERBS OF DEGREE .......................................................... 372

7-10 SENTENCE ADVERBS ............................................................ 382

7-11 FOCUSING ADVERBS ............................................................ 384

7-12 ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES ............................... 385

7-13 TOO AND ENOUGH .............................................................. 385

7-14 SO... THAT, SUCH... THAT .................................................... 386

7-15 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS .......................... 390

7-16 COMPARISON WITH AS.... AS/THE SAME.... AS .................... 396

7-17 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ........... 402

7-18 'TO + INFINITIVE' AFTER ADJECTIVE STRUCTURES ................ 406

7-19 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS ................................................................. 407

TEST YOURSELF 7 ................................................................ 411

UNIT 10 CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS .........

10-1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ........................................... 528

10-2 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS .............................................. 530

10-3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ........................................ 534

10-4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ................................................ 534

10-5 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT

RELATIONSHIPS ...................................................................... 538

10-6 EXPRESSING PURPOSE ......................................................... 545

10-7 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST .............................................. 548

10-8 REDUCTION of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES to MODIFYING

PHRASES ................................................................................ 561

10-9 CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA ................................................ 566

10-10 INVERSION.............................................................................. 568

TEST YOURSELF 10 ................................................................ 575

UNIT 8 RELATIVE CLAUSES ...

8-1 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ............................................... 424

8-2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE ............. 424

8-3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB ................. 426

8-4 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION .. 427

8-5 USING "WHOSE" AND "OF WHICH'........................................... 428

8-6 USING "WHERE' ..................................................................... 429

8-7 USING "WHEN' ........................................................................ 430

8-8 USING "WHY 1 .......................................................................... 431

8-9 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS .............. 433

8-10 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ........................................ 434

8-11 SUBJECT POSITION ................................................................ 435

8-12 OBJECT POSITION ................................................................. 435

8-13 POSSESSIVE .......................................................................... 435

8-14 "WHERE' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ..................... 436

8-15 "WHEN' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ....................... 438

8-16 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES ............. 438

8-17 USING "WHICH' TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE ................... 439

8-18 RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.. 440

8-19 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................... 443

8-20 CLEFT SENTENCES ............................................................... 451

TEST YOURSELF 8 .................................................................. 457

UNIT 11 PREPOSITIONS

11-1 PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS ..............................

......................................................................................................... 588

11-2 AT, ON, IN ................................................................................ 588

11-3 PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS ................... 592

11-4 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE and MOVEMENT............................. 594

11-5 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS ............................................... 598

11-6 NOUN + PREPOSITION ........................................................... 598

11-7 PREPOSITION + NOUN ............................................................ 601

11-8 PREPOSITION + NOUN + PREPOSITION ................................. 608

11-9 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ................................................... 609

11-10 VERB + PREPOSITION ............................................................. 610

11-11 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ........................................... 611

11-12 VERB + NOUN + PREPOSITION ............................................. 612

TEST YOURSELF 11 (PART ONE) ........................................... 621

TEST YOURSELF 11 (PARTTWO) ........................................... 632

UNIT 12 PHRASAL VERBS ..........................

12-1 PHRASAL VERBS: TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE ..................... 643

12-2 TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ................................................ 643

12-3 INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ............................................ 644

TEST YOURSELF 12................................................................ 660

APPENDIX 1 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ........................................ 671

APPENDIX 2 VERB + PREPOSITION................................................. 675

APPENDIX 3 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ................................ 676

APPENDIX 4 COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ......................... 677

APPENDIX 5 MINI PHRASAL VERB DICTIONARY ............................... 679

UNIT 9 NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES and

QUANTIFIERS .........................................

9-1 NOUNS .................................................................................... 470

9-2 COUNTABLE NOUNS .............................................................. 470

9-3 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ........................................................... 473

9-4 COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE .............................................. 474

360

528

... 423

588

.... 643

470

UNIT1

The English Verb Tenses

INTRODUCTION WORD ORDER IN AN

ENGLISH SENTENCE

İngilizce bir cümlede sözcük dizimi, Türkçe sözcük diziminden farklıdır. Türkçe bir cümlede

yüklem cümlenin sonunda yer alır ve özneyi de içinde barındırır.

alışının.

BEN İNGİLİZCE calışırım

Object

Nesne

"İngilizce çalışırım." cümlesini İngilizce'de, "J study English." biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.

Verb

Yüklem

1-1 THE VERB'BE"

Sözcükleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cümle kuramayız. Cümle kurabilmemiz için mutlaka bir

fiile ihtiyacımız vardır. "Be fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asıl fiilimiz olmadığı

zaman cümle kurmamızı sağlar. "Be" fiilinin şimdiki zaman ve geniş zaman biçimi aynıdır ve

bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biçiminde kullanılır.

Singular Subject Pronouns

I am

You are

He/She/It is

Plural Subject Pronouns

We are

You are

They are

I am always nervous before an exam, (general)

I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present)

a) "Be" fiilini asıl fiil olarak kullanabileceğimiz başlıca üç kalıp vardır:

a) be + noun

b) be + adjective c) be + prepositional phrase

I am a teacher.

They are students.

She i s a Turk.

Today is Tuesday.

He is tall.

The world is round.

They are intelligent.

It's very hot today.

They are at home. Jane

is from England. She is

at the bus-stop. We are

in the classroom.

ELS Q 7

ne Nesne Yüklem

Subject Object Verb

Yukarıdaki cümleyi, "İngilizce çalışırım." biçiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cümlede özneyi

açık olarak göremediğimiz halde, öznenin 1. tekil şahıs olduğunu yüklemdeki -m takısından

anlarız. Bu durum ingilizce için geçerli değildir. Yani ingilizce bir cümlede yüklem özneyi belli

etmez. Bu yüzden, cümleye özne ile başlamak zorundayız. Formüle edilmiş olarak ingilizce

cümle düzeni şöyledir:

b) "Be", yardımcı fiil olarak sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle de kullanılır.

I am writing now.

She is reading the newspaper.

They are listening to music.

1 -2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I am writing now. You are

reading a book. He/She/It

is eating lunch.

We are listening to music.

You are working hard.

They are discussing their

financial problems.

I am not writing now. You are

not reading a book. He/She/It is

not eating lunch.

We are not listening to music.

You are not working hard. They

are not discussing their

financial problems.

Am I writing now? Are you

reading a book? Is he/she/it

eating lunch?

Are we listening to music?

Are you working hard? Are

they discussing their

financial problems?

Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz.

Am I not trying to help you? or

Are you not helping your mother? or

Is she not studying English?

Aren't I trying to help you?

Aren't you helping your mother?

Isn't she studying English?

Are we not leaving for class now? or

Are you not watching the film? or

Are they not having breakfast? or

Aren't we leaving for class now?

Aren't you watching the film?

Aren't they having breakfast?

SPELLING OF -ING

Sonu -e ile biten fiiller write writing

admire admiring

hope hoping

hide hiding

shave shaving

amaze amazing

dine dining ride

riding

Sonu -e ile biten fiillere -

Ing takısı eklenirken -e

düşer.*

Sonu bir sesli harf +bir

sessiz harfle biten fiiller

TEK HECELİ FİİLLER

stop stopping beg

begging sit

sitting

run running

rub rubbing

set setting

Bu gruba giren tek heceli

fiillerde, sondaki sessiz

harf çift yazılır.

İKİ HECELİ FİİLLER

a) listen listening

happen happening 3)

prefer preferring

refer referring

open opening

ripen ripening

begin beginning

control controlling

Vurgu 1. hecedeyse, son-

daki sessiz harf tek yazı-

lır; 2. hecedeyse çift yazı-

lır.

Sonu -y ile biten fiiller study studying

reply replying

try trying

play playing

buy buying

enjoy enjoying

-y ile biten fiillere -Ing

takısı eklenirken yazımda

değişiklik olmaz.

Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller die dying

lie fying

tie lying

-ie -y' ye dönüşür ve -

Ing eklenir.

Sonu iki sessiz harfle

biten fiiller

stand standing

hold holding

spend spending

start starting

find finding

bend bending

İki sessizle biten fiillere -

Ing eklenirken yazımda

değişiklik olmaz.

* Sonu -ee biçiminde biten fiiller -Ing takısı alırken -e düşmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing

8 a ELS

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