A History of Philosophy 2.pdf

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

VOLUME II

Medieval Philosophy

Frederick Copleston, S.J.

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CONTENTS

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Page

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PART I

PRE-MEDIAEVAL INFLUENCE&

II. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD

Christianity and Greek philosophy-Greek Apologists

(A ristides, St. Justin Martyr, Tatian. Athenagoras,

Theophilus)-Gnosticism and writers against Gnosticism

(St. Irenaeus. Hippolytus)-Latin Apologists (Minucius

Felix, Tertullian. Arnobius. Lactantius)-Catechetical

School of Alexandria (Clement, Origen)-Greek Fathers

(St. Basil, Eusebius. St. Gregory of Nyssa)-Latin

Fathers (St. Ambrose)-St. John Damascene-Summary.

III. ST. AUGUSTINE-I

Life and writings-St. Augustine and Philosophy.

IV. ST. AUGUSTINE-II: KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge with a view to beatitude-Against scepticism

_Experiential knowledge-Nature of sensation-Divine

ideas-Illumination and Abstraction.

V. ST. AUGUSTINE-III: GOD .

Proof of God from eternal truths-Proofs from creatures

and from universal consent-The various proofs as stages

in one process-Attributes of God-Exemplarism.

VI. ST. AUGUSTINE-IV: THE WORLD

Free creation out of nothing-Matter-Rationes seminales

-Numbers-Soul and body-Immortality-Origin of

soul.

VII. ST. AUGUSTINE-V: MORAL THEORY

Happiness and God-Freedom and Obligation-Need of

grace-Evil-the two Cities.

VIII. ST. AUGUSTINE-VI: THE STATE

The State and the City of Babylon not identical-The

pagan State does not embody true justice-Church

superior to State.

IX. THE PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS

Writings and author-Affirmative way-Negative way-

Neo-Platonic interpretation of Trinity-Ambiguous teach-

ing on creation-Problem of evil-Orthodoxy or un~

thodoxy?

IMAGE, DOUBLEDAY, and the portrayal of a deer drinking from

a stream are trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam

Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

First Image Books edition of Volume II of A History ofPhilosophy published 1962

by special arrangement with The Newman Press.

This Image edition published April 1993

De Licentia Superiorum Ordinis: Martinus D'Arcy, S.J., Praep. Provo Ang!iae

Nihil Obstat: T. Corbishley, S.J. Censor Deputatus

Imprimatur: Joseph, Archiepiscopus BirmiDgamiensis Die 24 Aprilis 1948

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copleston, Frederick Charles.

A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes..

Contents: V. 1. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to Scotus-v.

3. Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

1. Philosophy, Ancient. 2. Philosophy, Medieval. 3. Philosophy,

Renaissance. I. Title.

B72.C62 1993

190-dc20 92-34997

CIP

ISBN 0-385-46844-X

3 5 798 642

9 1

X. BOETHIUS. CASSIODORUS. ISIDORE

101

Boethius's transmission of Aristotelian ideas-Natural

theology-Influence on Middle Ages-Cassiodorus on the

seven liberal arts and the spirituality of the soul-

Isidore's Etymologies and Senlences.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CONTENTS

Chaplet'

XI. THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE.

Charlemagne-Alcuin and the Palatine School-Other

schools, curriculum, libraries-Rhabanus Maurus.

PART IV

ISLAMIC AND JEWISH PHILOSOPHY TRANSLATIONS

Claapler

XIX. ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY

Reasons for discussing Islamic philosophy-Origins of

Islamic philosophy- AUarabi - Avicenna- Averroes-

Dante and the Arabian philosophers.

XX. JEWISH PHILOSOPHY .

The Cabala-Avicebron-Maimonides.

P."

186

XII. JOHN SCOTUS ERIUGENA-I

Life and works.

1I2

201

XIII. JOHN SCOTUS ERIUGENA-II

1I6

XXI. THE TRANSLATIONS

205

Nature-God and creation-Knowledge of God by affir-

mativeand negative ways; inapplicability of categories

to God-How, then, can God be said to have made the

world?-Divine Ideas in the Word-Creatures as partici-

pations and theophanies; creatures are in God-Man's

nature-Return of all things to God-Eternal punish-

ment in light of cosmic return-Interpretation of John

Scotus's system.

The translated works-Transl_tions from Greek and from

Arabic-Effects of translations and opposition to Aris-

totelianism.

PART V

THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

XXII, INTRODUCTION

212

PART III

THE TENTH, ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH CENTURIES

XIV. THE PROBLEM OF UNIVERSALS

136

The University of Paris-Universities closed and privi-

leged corporations-Curriculum-Religious Orders at

Paris-Currents of thought in the thirteenth century.

XXIII. WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE

218

Situation following death of Charlemagne-Origin of dis-

cussion in texts of Porphyry and Boethius-Importance

of the problem-Exaggerated realism-Roscelin's 'nomi-

nalism'-St. Peter Damian's attitude to dialectic-

William of Champeaux-Abelard-Gilbert de la Porr~

and John of Salisbury-Hugh of St. Victor-St. Thomas

Aquinas.

Reasons for treating of William of Auvergne-Cod and

creatures; essence and existencfr-Creation by God

directly and in time-Proofs of God's existence-Hylo-

morphism-The soul-Knowledge-William of Auvergne

a transition-thinker.

XXIV. ROBERT GROSSETESTE AND ALEXANDER OF HALES 228

(a) Robert Grosseteste's life and writings-Doctrine of

light-God and creatures-Doctrine of truth and of illu-

mination.

(6) Alexander of Hales's attitude to philosophy-Proofs

of God's existence-The divine attributes-Comp08ition

in creatures-Soul, intellect, will-Spirit of Alexander's

philosophy.

XXV, ST. BONAVENTURE-I

XV. ST. ANSELM OF CANTERBURY

156

St. Anselm as philosopher-Proofs of God's existence in

the Monoiocium-The proof of God's existence in the

Prosiocium-Idea of truth and other Augustinian elements

in St. Anselm's thought.

XVI. THE SCHOOL OF CHARTRES .

166

240

Universalism of Paris, and systematisation of sciences in

twelfth century-Regionalism, humanism-Platonism of

Chartres-Hylomorphism at Chartres-Prima facie pan-

theism-John of Salisbury's political theory.

Life and works-Spirit-Theology and philosophy-

Attitude to Aristotelianism.

XXVI. ST. BONAVENTURE-II: GoD'S EXISTENCE

250

Spirit of Bonaventure's proofs of God's existence-

Proofs from sensible world-A priari knowledge of God

-The Anselmian argument-Argument from truth.

XXVII. ST. BONAVENTURE-III: RELATION OF CREATURES

TO GoD

XVII. THE SCHOOL OF ST. VICTOR

175

Hugh of St. Victor; proofs of God's existence, faith,

mysticism-Richard of St. Victor; proofs of God's exis-

tence-Godfrey of St. Victor and Walter of St. Victor.

25 8

XVIII. DUALISTS AND PANTHEISTS

183

Exemplarism-The divine knowledge-Impossibility of

creation from eternity-Errors which follow from denial

of exemplarism and creation-Likeness of creatures to

God, an&logy-II this world the best possible world?

Albigensians and Cathari-Amalric of Bene--David of

Oinant.

PART II

THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE

CONTENTS

Chapter

XXVIII. ST. BONAVENTURE-IV: THE MATERIAL CREATION

Hylomorphic composition in all creatures-Individuation

-Light-·-Plurahty of forms-Rahones semlnales.

Cllapur

XXXVII. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-VII: PSYCHOLOGY

One substantial form in man-The powers of the soul-

The interior senses-Free will-The noblest faculty-

Immortality-The active and passive intellects are not

numerically the same in all men.

Pag,

375

XXIX. ST. BONAVENTURE-V: THE HUMAN SOUL

Unity of human soul-Relation of soul to body~Immor

talityof the human soul-Fal~lty of ;\verrOlsbc mono-

psychism-Knowledge of sensible o.bJects an~ of first

logical principles-Knowledge of spmtual realities-illu-

mination-The soul's ascent to God-Bonaventure as

philosopher of the Christian life.

XXXVIII. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-VIII: KNOWLEDGE

'Theory of knowledge' in St. Thomas-The process of

knowledge; knowledge of the universal and of the parti-

cular-The soul's knowledge of itself-The possibility of

metaphysics.

XXXIX. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-IX: MORAL THEORY.

Eudaemonism-The vision of God-Good and bad-The

virtues-The natural law-The eternal law and the

foundation of morality in God-Natural virtues recognised

by St. Thomas which were not recognised by Aristotle;

the virtue of religion.

XXX. ST. ALBERT THE GREAT

Life and intellectual activity-Philosophy and theology

-God-·Creation-The soul-Reputation and importance

of St. Albert.

293

XXXI. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-I

Life-Works-Mode of exposing St. Thomas's philosophy

--The spirit of St. Thomas's philosophy.

302

XL. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-X: POLITICAL THEORY

St. Thomas and Aristotle-The natural origin of human

society and government-Human society and political

authority willed by God-Church and State-Individual

and State - Law - Sovereignty - Constitutions - St.

Thomas's political theory an integral part of his total

system.

Note on St. Thomas's aesthetic theory.

412

XXXII. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-II: PHILOSOPHY AND

THEOLOGY

Distinction betwcpn philosophy and theology-Moral

necessity of revelation-Incompatibility of fait~ and

science in the same mind concernmg the same obJect-

Natural end and supernatural end-St. Thomas and St.

Bonaventure-St. Thomas as 'innovator'.

3 12

XLI. ST. THOMAS AND ARISTOTLE: CONTROVERSIES

St. Thomas's utilisation of Aristotle-Non-Aristotelian

elements in Thomism-Latent tensions in the Thomist

synthesis-Opposition to Thomist 'novelties'.

XXXIII. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-III: PRINCIPLES OF CREATED

BEING

Reasons for starting with corporeal being-Hylomorphism

-Rejection of rationes semina!es-Rejection of. plurality

of substantial forms-RestTictlOn of hylomorphlc compo-

sition to corporeal substances-Potentiality and act-

Essence and existence.

XLII. LATIN AVERROISM: SIGER OF BRABANT

435

Tenets of the 'Latin Averroists'-Siger of Brabant-

Dante and Siger of Brabant-Opposition to Averroism;

condemnations.

XXXIV. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-IV: PROOFS OF GOD'S

EXISTENCE

336

XLIII. FRANCISCAN THINKERS

442

Roger Bacon, life and works-Philosophy of Roger Bacon

-Matthew of Aquasparta-Peter John Olivi-Roger

Marston-Richard of Middleton-Raymond Lull.

Need of proof-St. Anselm's argument-Possibility of

proof-The first three proofs-The fourth proof-The

proof from finality-The 'third way' fundamental.

347

XLIV. GILES OF ROME AND HENRY OF GHENT

460

XXXV. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-V: GOD'S NATURE

(a) Giles of Rome. Life and works-The independence of

Giles as a thinker-Essence and existence-Form and

matter; soul and body-Political theory.

(b) Henry of Ghent. Life and works-Eclecticism, illus-

trated by doctrines of illumination and innatism-Idea

of metaphysics-Essence and existence-Proofs of God's

existence-General spirit and significance of Henry's

philosophy.

The negative way-The affirmative way-Analogy-

Types of analogy-A difficulty-The di~ine ideas-No

real distinction between the divine attributes-God as

existence itself.

XXXVI. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS-VI: CREATION

363

Creation out of nothing-God alone can create-God

created freely-The motive of creation-Impossibility of

creation from eternity has not been demollstrated-Could

God create an actually infinite multitude?-Divine omni-

potence-The problem of evil.

XLV. SCOTus-I

476

Life-Works-Spirit of Scotus's philosophy.

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