A History of Philosophy 7.pdf

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY by Frederick Copleston, S.J.

A HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY

VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME

From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus

VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

From Augustine to Duns Scotus

VOLUME III: LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY

Ockham, Francis Bacon, and the Beginning of the Modern World

VOLUME VII

VOLUME IV: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

From Descartes to Leibniz

Modern Philosophy: From

the Post-Kantian Idealists

to Marx, Kierkegaard, and

Nietzsche

VOLUME V: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume

VOLUME VI: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

From the French Enlightenment to Kant

VOLUME VII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

From the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche

VOLUME VIII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Empiricism, Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America

VOLUME IX: MODERN PHILOSOPHY

From the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss

Frederick Copleston, S.J.

IMAGE BOOKS

DOUBLEDAY

New York London Toronto Sydney Auckland

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Pag'

AN IMAGE BOOK

PUBLISHED BY DOUBLEDAY

a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036

PART I

POST-KANTIAN IDEALIST SYSTEMS

1. INTRODUCTION

Preliminary remarks-Kant's philosophy and idealist meta-

physics--The meaning of idealism, its insistence on system and

its confidence in the power and scope of philosophy-The

idealists and theology-The romantic movement and German

idealism-The difficulty in fulfilling the idealist programme-

The anthropomorphic element in German idealism-Idealist

philosophies of man.

IMAGE, DOUBLEDAY, and the portrayal of a deer drinking from a stream are

trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell

Publishing Group, Inc.

First Image Books edition of Volume VII of A History ofPhilosophy published

1965 by special arrangement with The Newman Press and Burns & Oates, Ltd.

This Image edition published March 1994.

II. FICHTE (I)

Life and writings--On looking for the fundamental principle of

philosophy; the choice between idealism and dogmatism-The

pure ego and intellectual intuition-Comments on the theory

of the pure ego; phenomenology of consciousness and idealist

metaphysics-The three fundamental principles of philosophy

-Explanatory comments on Fichte's dialectical method-The

theory of science and formal logic-The general idea of the two

deductions of consciousness--The theoretical deduction-The

practical deduction-Comments on Fichte's deduction of

consciousness.

De Licentia Superiomm Ordinis: John Cobentry, S.J., Praep. Provo Angliae

Nihil Obstat: T. Gornall, S.J., Censor Deputatus

Imprimatur: Franciscus, Archiepiscopus Birmingamiensis Birmingamiae die 26a

Julii 1962

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copleston, Frederick Charles.

A history of philosophy.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Contents: v.!. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-

v. 7. From the post-Kantian idealists to Marx,

Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche-v. 8. Empiricism, idealism,

and pragmatism in Britain and America-v. 9. From the

French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.

1. Philosophy-History. I. Title.

B72.C62 1993

III. FICHTE (2)

Introductory remarks--The common moral consciousness and

the science of ethics-Man's moral nature-The supreme

principle of morality and the formal condition of the morality of

actions-Conscience as an unerring guide-The philosophical

application of the formal moral law-The idea of moral vocation

and Fichte's general vision of reality-A community of selves

in a world as a condition of self-consciousness-The principle or

rule of right-The deduction and nature of the State-The

closed commercial State-Fichte and nationalism.

190

92-34997

IV. FICHTE (3)

Fichte's early ideas on religion-God in the first version of the

theory of science-The charge of atheism and Fichte's reply-

The infinite Will in The Vocation of Man-The development of

the philosophy of Being. I80I-5-The Doctrine of Religion-

Later writings--Explanatory and critical comments on Fichte's

philosophy of Being.

ISBN 0-385-47044-4

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

V. SCHELLING (I)

Life and writings--The successive phases in Schelling's thought

-Early writings and the influence of Fichte.

CONTENTS

vii

Chapter

Page

Chapter

Page

XIV. SCHOPENHAUER (2)

VI. SCHELLING (2)

10 5

277

The possibility and metaphysical grounds of a philosophy of

Aesthetic contemplation as a temporary escape from the

slavery of the Will-The particular fine arts-Virtue and

Nature-The general outlines of Schelling's philosophy of

renunciation: the way of salvation-Schopenhauer and meta-

Nature-The system of transcendental idealism-The philo-

sophy of art-The Absolute as identity.

physical idealism-The general influence of Schopenhjluer-

Notes on Eduard von Hartmann's development of Schopen-

VII. SCHELLING (3)

126

hauer's philosophy.

The idea of the cosmic Fall-Personality and freedom in man

XV. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM (1) .

and God; good and evil-The distinction between .negative and

positive philosophy-Mythology and. ~ev.elatJon-General

293

Introductory remarks-Feuerbach and the transformation of

remarks on Schelling-Notes on Schelling s mfluence and on

theology into anthropology-Ruge's criticism of the Hegelian

some kindred thinkers.

attitude to history-Stirner's philosophy of the ego.

VIII. SCHLEIERMACHER

149

XVI. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM (2)

3 0 5

Life and writings-The basic reli~ious e?,perience and. its

Introductory remarks-The lives and writings of Marx and

interpretation-The moral and religIOUS life of man-Fmal

Engels and the development of their thought-Materialism-

remarks.

Dialectical materialism-The materialist conception of history

-Comments on the thought of Marx and Engels.

IX. HEGEL (x)

159

to Fichte and Schelling-The life of the Absolute and the

XVII. KIERKEGAARD

335

Introductory remarks-Life and writings-The individual and

nature of philosophy-The phenomenology of consciousness.

the crowd-The dialectic of the stages and truth as subjectivity

X. HEGEL (2)

x89

-The idea of existence-The concept of dread-The influence

of Kierkegaard.

The logic of Hegel-The ontological status of the .Idea or

Absolute in itself and the transition to Nature-The phllosophy

of Nature-The Absolute as Spirit: subjective Spirit-The

concept of right-Morality-The family and civil society-The

PART III

State-Explanatory comments on Hegel's idea of political

LATER CURRENTS OF THOUGHT

philosophy-The function of war-Philosophy of history-

Some comments on Hegel's philosophy of history.

XVIII.

NON-DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM

352

Introductory remarks-The first phase of the materialist

XI. HEGEL (3)

226

movement-Lange's criticism of materialism-Haeckel's

monism-Ostwald's energeticism-Empirio-criticism con-

The sphere of absolute Spirit-T~e philosophy of. ~rt-The

sidered as an attempt to overcome the opposition between

philosophy of religion-:-The relation J;>etween re~lglOn and

materialism and idealism.

philosophy-Hegel's philosophy .o~ ~he history of.phllos?phy-

The influence of Hegel and the diVISion between nght-wmg and

left-wing Hegelians.

XIX. THE NEO-KANTIAN MOVEMENT

3 61

Introductory remarks-The Marburg School-The School of

Baden-The pragmatist tendency-E, Cassirer; concluding

observations-Some notes on Dilthey.

PART II

THE REACTION AGAINST METAPHYSICAL IDEALISM

XX. THE REVIVAL OF METAPHYSICS

374

XII. EARLIER OPPONENTS AND CRITICS

248

Remarks on inductive metaphysics-Fechner's inductive

metaphysics-The teleological idealism of Lotze-Wundt and

Fries and his disciples-The realism of Herbart-Beneke and

the relation between science and philosophy-The vitalism of

psychology as the fundamental science-The logic of Bolzano-

Driesch-Eucken's activism-Appropriation of the past:

Weisse and I. H. Fichte as critics of Hegel.

Trendelenburg and Greek thought; the revival of Thomism.

XIII. SCHOPENHAUER (x)

261

XXI. NIETZSCHE (x)

390

Life and writings-Schopenhauer's .doctorate dissertation-

Life and writings-The phases of Nietzsche's thought:as

The world as Idea-The biological function of concepts and the

'masks'-Nietzsche's early writings and the critique of con-

possibility of metaphysics-Th.e world a.s ~he manifestati?~ of

temporary culture-The critique of morals-Atheism and its

the Will to live-Metaphysical pessimism-Some cntlcal

consequences.

comments.

Life and writings-Early theological writings-Hegel's relations

viii

CONTENTS

Chapter

XXII. NIETZSCHE (2)

Pags

4 0 7

The hypothesis of the Will to Power-The Will to Power as

manifested in knowledge; Nietzsche's view of truth-The Will

to Power in Nature and man-Superman and the order of rank

-'The theory of the eternal recurrence-Comments on

Nietzsche's philosophy.

PREFACE

As Volume VI of this History oj Philosophy ended with Kant, the

natural procedure was to open the present volume with a discussion

of post-Kantian German idealism. I might then have turned to the

philosophy of the first part of the nineteenth century in France and

Great Britain. But on reflection it seemed to me that nineteenth-

century German philosophy could reasonably be treated on its own,

and that this would confer on the volume a greater unity than

would otherwise be possible. And in point of fact the only non-

German-speaking philosopher considered in the book is Kierke-

gaard, who wrote in Danish.

The volume has been entitled Fichte to Nietzsche, as Nietzsche

is the last world-famous philosopher who is considered at any

length. It might indeed have been called Fickte to Heidegger. For

not only have a good many philosophers been mentioned who were

chronologically posterior to Nietzsche, but also in the last chapter

a glance has been taken at German philosophy in the first half of

the twentieth century. But I decided that" to call the volume

Fichte to Heidegger would tend to mislead prospective readers. For

it would suggest that twentieth-century philosophers such as

Hussed, N. Hartmann, Jaspers and Heidegger are treated, so to

speak, for their own sake, in the same way as Fichte, Schelling and

Hegel, whereas in fact they are discussed briefly as illustrating

different ideas of the nature and scope of philosophy.

In the present work there are one or two variations from the

pattern generally followed in preceding volumes. The introductory

chapter deals only with the idealist movement, and it has therefore

been placed within Part I, not before it. And though in the final

chapter there are some retrospective reflections, there is also, as

already indicated, a preview of thought in the first half of the

twentieth century. Hence I have called this chapter 'Retrospect

and Prospect' rather than 'Concluding Review'. Apart from the

reasons given in the text for referring to twentieth-century thought

there is the reason that I do not propose to include within this

History any full-scale treatment of the philosophy of. the present

century. At the same time I did not wish to end the volume

abruptly without any reference at all to later developments. The

result is, of course, that one lays oneself open to the comment that

XXIII. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

421

Some questions arising out of nineteenth-century German

philosophy-The positivist answer-The philosophy of

existence-The rise of phenomenology; Brentano, Meinong,

Husserl, the widespread use of phenomenological analysis-

Return to ontology; N. Hartmann-The metaphysics of

Being; Heidegger, the Thomists-Concluding reflections.

ApPENDIX: A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

443

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