3691fm.PDF

Stergiopoulos, Stergios “Frontmatter”

Advanced Signal Processing Handbook

Editor: Stergios Stergiopoulos

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Advanced signal processing handbook : theory and implementation for radar, sonar, and

medical imaging real-time systems / edited by Stergios Stergiopoulos.

p. cm. — (Electrical engineering and signal processing series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-3691-0 (alk. paper)

1. Signal processing—Digital techniques. 2. Diagnostic imaging—Digital techniques. 3.

Image processing—Digital techniques. I. Stergiopoulos, Stergios. II. Series.

TK5102.9 .A383 2000

621.382

2—dc21

00-045432

CIP

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Preface

Recent advances in digital signal processing algorithms and computer technology have combined to

provide the ability to produce real-time systems that have capabilities far exceeding those of a few years

ago. The writing of this handbook was prompted by a desire to bring together some of the recent

theoretical developments on advanced signal processing, and to provide a glimpse of how modern

technology can be applied to the development of current and next-generation active and passive real-

time systems.

The handbook is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and applications of advanced

signal processing. It will focus on the development of a generic processing structure that exploits the

great degree of processing concept similarities existing among the radar, sonar, and medical imaging

systems. A high-level view of the above real-time systems consists of a high-speed

Signal Processor

provide mainstream signal processing for detection and initial parameter estimation, a

Data Manager

which supports the data and information processing functionality of the system, and a

Display Sub-

through which the system operator can interact with the data structures in the data manager to

make the most effective use of the resources at his command.

The

System

normally incorporates a few fundamental operations. For example, the sonar and

radar signal processors include beamforming, “matched” ﬁltering, data normalization, and image pro-

cessing. The ﬁrst two processes are used to improve both the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and parameter

estimation capability through spatial and temporal processing techniques. Data normalization is required

to map the resulting data into the dynamic range of the display devices in a manner which provides a

CFAR (constant false alarm rate) capability across the analysis cells.

The processing algorithms for spatial and temporal spectral analysis in real-time systems are based on

conventional FFT and vector dot product operations because they are computationally cheaper and more

robust than the modern non-linear high resolution adaptive methods. However, these non-linear algorithms

trade robustness for improved array gain performance. Thus, the challenge is to develop a concept which

allows an appropriate mixture of these algorithms to be implemented in practical real-time systems.

The non-linear processing schemes are adaptive and synthetic aperture beamformers that have been

shown experimentally to provide improvements in array gain for signals embedded in partially correlated

noise ﬁelds. Using system image outputs, target tracking, and localization results as performance criteria,

the impact and merits of these techniques are contrasted with those obtained using the conventional

processing schemes. The reported real data results show that the advanced processing schemes provide

improvements in array gain for signals embedded in anisotropic noise ﬁelds. However, the same set of

results demonstrates that these processing schemes are not adequate enough to be considered as a

replacement for conventional processing. This restriction adds an additional element in our generic signal

processing structure, in that the conventional and the advanced signal processing schemes should run

in parallel in a real-time system in order to achieve optimum use of the advanced signal processing

schemes of this study.

Signal Processor

The handbook also includes a generic concept for implementing successfully adaptive schemes with

near-instantaneous convergence in 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-dimensional (3-D) arrays of sensors, such

as planar, circular, cylindrical, and spherical arrays. It will be shown that the basic step is to minimize

the number of degrees of freedom associated with the adaptation process. This step will minimize the

adaptive scheme’s convergence period and achieve near-instantaneous convergence for integrated active

and passive sonar applications. The reported results are part of a major research project, which includes

the deﬁnition of a generic signal processing structure that allows the implementation of adaptive and

synthetic aperture signal processing schemes in real-time radar, sonar, and medical tomography (CT,

MRI, ultrasound) systems that have 2-D and 3-D arrays of sensors.

The material in the handbook will bridge a number of related ﬁelds: detection and estimation theory;

ﬁlter theory (Finite Impulse Response Filters); 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D sensor array processing that includes

conventional, adaptive, synthetic aperture beamforming and imaging; spatial and temporal spectral

analysis; and data normalization. Emphasis will be placed on topics that have been found to be particularly

useful in practice. These are several interrelated topics of interest such as the inﬂuence of medium on

array gain system performance, detection and estimation theory, ﬁlter theory, space-time processing,

conventional, adaptive processing, and model-based signal processing concepts. Moveover, the system

concept similarities between sonar and ultrasound problems are identiﬁed in order to exploit the use of

advanced sonar and model-based signal processing concepts in ultrasound systems.

Furthermore, issues of information post-processing functionality supported by the Data Manager and

the Display units of real-time systems of interest are addressed in the relevant chapters that discuss nor-

malizers, target tracking, target motion analysis, image post-processing, and volume visualization methods.

The presentation of the subject matter has been inﬂuenced by the authors’ practical experiences, and

it is hoped that the volume will be useful to scientists and system engineers as a textbook for a graduate

course on sonar, radar, and medical imaging digital signal processing. In particular, a number of chapters

summarize the state-of-the-art application of advanced processing concepts in sonar, radar, and medical

imaging X-ray CT scanners, magnetic resonance imaging, and 2-D and 3-D ultrasound systems. The

focus of these chapters is to point out their applicability, beneﬁts, and potential in the sonar, radar, and

medical environments. Although an all-encompassing general approach to a subject is mathematically

elegant, practical insight and understanding may be sacriﬁced. To avoid this problem and to keep the

handbook to a reasonable size, only a modest introduction is provided. In consequence, the reader is

expected to be familiar with the basics of linear and sampled systems and the principles of probability

theory. Furthermore, since modern real-time systems entail sampled signals that are digitized at the

sensor level, our signals are assumed to be discrete in time and the subsystems that perform the processing

are assumed to be digital.

It has been a pleasure for me to edit this book and to have the relevant technical exchanges with so many

experts on advanced signal processing. I take this opportunity to thank all authors for their responses to

my invitation to contribute. I am also greatful to CRC Press LLC and in particular to Bob Stern, Helena

Redshaw, Naomi Lynch, and the staff in the production department for their truly professional cooperation.

Finally, the support by the European Commission is acknowledged for awarding Professor Uzunoglu and

myself the Fourier Euroworkshop Grant (HPCF-1999-00034) to organize two workshops that enabled the

contributing authors to reﬁne and coherently integrate the material of their chapters as a handbook on

advanced signal processing for sonar, radar, and medical imaging system applications.

Stergios Stergiopoulos

Editor

Stergios Stergiopoulos received a B.Sc. degree from the University of Athens in 1976 and the M.S. and

Ph.D. degrees in geophysics in 1977 and 1982, respectively, from York University, Toronto, Canada.

Presently he is an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the

University of Western Ontario and a Senior Defence Scientist at Defence and Civil Institute of Environ-

mental Medicine (DCIEM) of the Canadian DND. Prior to this assignment and from 1988 and 1991, he

was with the SACLANT Centre in La Spezia, Italy, where he performed both theoretical and experimental

research in sonar signal processing. At SACLANTCEN, he developed jointly with Dr. Sullivan from

NUWC an acoustic synthetic aperture technique that has been patented by the U.S. Navy and the Hellenic

Navy. From 1984 to 1988 he developed an underwater ﬁxed array surveillance system for the Hellenic

Navy in Greece and there he was appointed senior advisor to the Greek Minister of Defence. From 1982

to 1984 he worked as a research associate at York University and in collaboration with the U.S. Army

Ballistic Research Lab (BRL), Aberdeen, MD, on projects related to the stability of liquid-ﬁlled spin

stabilized projectiles. In 1984 he was awarded a U.S. NRC Research Fellowship for BRL. He was Associate

Editor for the

and has prepared two special issues on Acoustic

Synthetic Aperture and Sonar System Technology. His present interests are associated with the imple-

mentation of non-conventional processing schemes in multi-dimensional arrays of sensors for sonar and

medical tomography (CT, MRI, ultrasound) systems. His research activities are supported by Canadian-

DND Grants, by Research and Strategic Grants (NSERC-CANADA) ($300K), and by a NATO Collabo-

rative Research Grant. Recently he has been awarded with European Commission-ESPRIT/IST Grants

as technical manager of two projects entitled “New Roentgen” and “MITTUG.” Dr. Stergiopoulos is a

Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America and a senior member of the IEEE. He has been a consultant

to a number of companies, including Atlas Elektronik in Germany, Hellenic Arms Industry, and Hellenic

Aerospace Industry.

IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering

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