Fundamentals Of Wireless Communication.pdf

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FundamentalsofWirelessCommunication 12
DavidTse,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
PramodViswanath,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign
August3,2004
1 Draft.Commentswillbemuchappreciated;pleasesendthemtodtse@eecs.berkeley.edu
orpramodv@uiuc.edu.Pleasedonotdistributethenoteswithouttheauthors'consent.
2 Section1.2andChapter2aremodi¯edfromR.G.Gallager'snotesfortheMITcourse
6.450.
Contents
1IntroductionandBookOverview 7
1.1BookObjective............................... 7
1.2WirelessSystems.............................. 8
1.3BookOutline................................11
2TheWirelessChannel 15
2.1PhysicalModelingforWirelessChannels.................15
2.1.1Freespace,¯xedtransmittingandreceiveantennas.......17
2.1.2Freespace,movingantenna....................18
2.1.3Re°ectingwall,¯xedantenna...................19
2.1.4Re°ectingwall,movingantenna..................21
2.1.5Re°ectionfromaGroundPlane..................23
2.1.6PowerDecaywithDistanceandShadowing............24
2.1.7MovingAntenna,MultipleRe°ectors...............25
2.2Input/OutputModeloftheWirelessChannel ..............26
2.2.1TheWirelessChannelasaLinearTime-VaryingSystem....26
2.2.2BasebandEquivalentModel....................28
2.2.3ADiscreteTimeBasebandModel.................31
2.2.4AdditiveWhiteNoise........................35
2.3TimeandFrequencyCoherence......................36
2.3.1DopplerSpreadandCoherenceTime...............36
2.3.2DelaySpreadandCoherenceBandwidth.............38
2.4StatisticalChannelModels.........................41
2.4.1ModelingPhilosophy........................41
2.4.2RayleighandRicianFading....................42
2.4.3TapGainAutocorrelationFunction................44
3Point-to-PointCommunication:
Detection,DiversityandChannelUncertainty 59
3.1DetectioninaRayleighFadingChannel .................60
3.1.1NoncoherentDetection.......................60
1
TseandViswanath:FundamentalsofWirelessCommunication 2
3.1.2CoherentDetection.........................63
3.1.3FromBPSKtoQPSK:ExploitingtheDegreesofFreedom...67
3.1.4Diversity...............................71
3.2TimeDiversity...............................71
3.2.1RepetitionCoding.........................73
3.2.2BeyondRepetitionCoding.....................75
3.3AntennaDiversity..............................84
3.3.1ReceiveDiversity..........................84
3.3.2TransmitDiversity:Space-TimeCodes..............86
3.3.3MIMO:A2 £ 2Example......................89
3.4FrequencyDiversity.............................95
3.4.1BasicConcept............................95
3.4.2Single-CarrierwithISIEqualization................97
3.4.3DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum.................104
3.4.4OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing...........109
3.5ImpactofChannelUncertainty......................117
3.5.1NoncoherentDetectionforDSSpreadSpectrum.........117
3.5.2ChannelEstimation.........................120
3.5.3OtherDiversityScenarios.....................122
3.6BibliographicalNotes............................127
4CellularSystems:MultipleAccessandInterferenceManagement139
4.1Introduction.................................139
4.2NarrowbandCellularSystems.......................142
4.2.1Narrowbandallocations:GSMsystem..............143
4.2.2ImpactonNetworkandSystemDesign..............146
4.2.3ImpactonFrequencyReuse....................147
4.3WidebandSystems:CDMA........................148
4.3.1CDMAUplink...........................151
4.3.2CDMADownlink..........................166
4.3.3SystemIssues............................167
4.4WidebandSystems:OFDM........................170
4.4.1AllocationDesignPrinciples....................170
4.4.2HoppingPattern..........................171
4.4.3SignalCharacteristicsandReceiverDesign............173
4.4.4Sectorization............................174
4.5BibliographicalNotes............................178
4.6Exercises...................................179
TseandViswanath:FundamentalsofWirelessCommunication 3
5CapacityofWirelessChannels 193
5.1AWGNChannelCapacity.........................194
5.1.1RepetitionCoding.........................194
5.1.2PackingSpheres...........................195
5.2ResourcesoftheAWGNChannel.....................199
5.2.1Continuous-TimeAWGNChannel.................200
5.2.2PowerandBandwidth.......................200
5.3LinearTime-InvariantGaussianChannels................206
5.3.1SingleInputMultipleOutput(SIMO)Channel .........206
5.3.2MultipleInputSingleOutput(MISO)Channel .........208
5.3.3Frequency-SelectiveChannel....................209
5.4CapacityofFadingChannels........................216
5.4.1SlowFadingChannel........................216
5.4.2ReceiveDiversity..........................219
5.4.3TransmitDiversity.........................220
5.4.4TimeandFrequencyDiversity...................226
5.4.5FastFadingChannel........................230
5.4.6TransmitterSideInformation...................234
5.4.7Frequency-SelectiveFadingChannels...............246
5.4.8Summary:AShiftinPointofView................246
5.5BibliographicalNotes............................251
6MultiuserCapacityandOpportunisticCommunication 265
6.1UplinkAWGNChannel ..........................266
6.1.1CapacityviaSuccessiveInterferenceCancellation........266
6.1.2ComparisonwithConventionalCDMA..............270
6.1.3ComparisonwithOrthogonalMultipleAccess..........270
6.1.4General K -userUplinkCapacity..................272
6.2DownlinkAWGNChannel.........................274
6.2.1SymmetricCase:TwoCapacity-AchievingSchemes.......275
6.2.2GeneralCase:SuperpositionCodingAchievesCapacity.....278
6.3UplinkFadingChannel...........................284
6.3.1SlowFadingChannel........................284
6.3.2FastFadingChannel........................286
6.3.3FullChannelSideInformation...................288
6.4DownlinkFadingChannel.........................291
6.4.1ChannelSideInformationatReceiverOnly............292
6.4.2FullChannelSideInformation...................293
6.5Frequency-SelectiveFadingChannels...................293
6.6MultiuserDiversity.............................294
6.6.1MultiuserDiversityGain......................294
TseandViswanath:FundamentalsofWirelessCommunication 4
6.6.2MultiuserversusClassicalDiversity................297
6.7MultiuserDiversity:SystemAspects...................299
6.7.1FairSchedulingandMultiuserDiversity.............300
6.7.2ChannelPredictionandFeedback.................307
6.7.3OpportunisticBeamformingusingDumbAntennas.......308
6.7.4MultiuserDiversityinMulti-cellSystems.............317
6.7.5ASystemView...........................318
6.8BibliographicalNotes............................325
7MIMOI:SpatialMultiplexingandChannelModeling 341
7.1MultiplexingCapabilityofDeterministicMIMOChannels.......342
7.1.1CapacityviaSingularValueDecomposition...........342
7.1.2RankandConditionNumber...................345
7.2PhysicalModelingofMIMOChannels..................347
7.2.1Line-of-SightSIMOchannel....................347
7.2.2Line-of-SightMISOChannel....................349
7.2.3Antennaarrayswithonlyaline-of-sightpath..........350
7.2.4Geographicallyseparatedantennas................351
7.2.5Line-of-sightplusonere°ectedpath................361
7.3ModelingofMIMOFadingChannels...................365
7.3.1BasicApproach...........................365
7.3.2MIMOMultipathChannel.....................366
7.3.3AngularDomainRepresentationofSignals............367
7.3.4AngularDomainRepresentationofMIMOChannels.......370
7.3.5StatisticalModelingintheAngularDomain...........372
7.3.6DegreesofFreedomandDiversity.................372
7.3.7DependencyonAntennaSpacing.................378
7.3.8I.I.D.RayleighFadingModel ...................387
8MIMOII:CapacityandMultiplexingArchitectures 393
8.1TheV-BLASTArchitecture........................394
8.2FastFadingMIMOChannel........................396
8.2.1CapacitywithCSIatReceiver...................396
8.2.2PerformanceGains.........................399
8.2.3FullCSI...............................408
8.3ReceiverArchitectures...........................411
8.3.1LinearDecorrelator.........................411
8.3.2SuccessiveCancellation.......................417
8.3.3LinearMMSEReceiver.......................419
8.3.4*InformationTheoreticOptimality................427
8.4SlowFadingMIMOChannel........................430

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