focusoneurope.pdf

FOCUS ON EUROPE

Lesson 1

What is Europe?

Bob Kelly (Lecturer in Social Sciences at the Open University):

The first usage seems to be simple and that is geography. The idea of a

stretch of land that covers from the Atlantic through to the Ural Mountains,

that constitutes a geographical entity called Europe.

The second use of the term Europe generally refers to a whole set of values,

the system of values or beliefs, that are seen to characterize what Europe is

all about, politically, socially, culturally. It focuses on things like Christendom,

liberal democracy, the idea that everybody should have a say in the decision-

making of government. The idea of the rule of law, that nobody is above the

law and nobody should be punished without going through the due processes

of law.

We’re looking at a modern version of the project, that’s to create a peaceful

Europe, a united Europe, a trading Europe, a successful economic entity of

Europe.

usage

- użycie, usus językowy

stretch of land

- połać ziemi, szmat lądu

entity

- jednostka

to refer to

- odnosić się, dotyczyć

set of values

- przekonanie, wiara

to focus

- skupiać się, koncentrować, ogniskować

Christendom

- chrześcijaństwo

liberal democracy

- liberalna demokracja

to have a say in sth

- mieć głos/coś do powiedzenia w jakiejś

sprawie

decision-making

- podejmowanie decyzji

government

- rząd

the rule of law

- praworządność, rządy prawa

to be above the law

- nowoczesny, współczesny

project

- projekt, plan, przedsięwzięcie

to create

- tworzyć

peaceful

- pokojowy

united

- zjednoczony

to trade

- handlować

successful

- odnoszący sukcesy, zakończony

sukcesem, udany

economic entity

- jednostka gospodarcza

belief

- system wartości

modern

- stać ponad prawem

objaśnienia:

…that are seen to characterize what Europe is all about - które, jak się

uważa, charakteryzują to, czym jest Europa

…what Europe is all about - czym jest Europa, co mamy na myśli mówiąc

Europa

to go through the due processes of law – przejść przez wymagane instancje

prawne

a trading Europe – tu oznacza: europejskie partnerstwo handlowe

uzupełnij zdania:

1. Europe is all (round, about, on) a common set of values and beliefs.

2. Nobody should be (around, above, over) the law.

3. A condition in which everybody, including the rulers, accepts the

supreme authority of the law is called the (rule, ruler, ruling) of law.

odpowiedzi:

1. about

2. above

3. rule

Lesson 2

What is the European Union?

Richard Heffernan (Lecturer in Government and Politics at the Open

University):

The European Union is a political organisation set up by member states over

the last 50 years to secure economic individual and collective self-interest. I

think we can see that Europe seeks to secure advantages for its member

states through political cooperation and economic integration, building a

common market, by cooperating with each other, and requiring member

states to pool their sovereignty in the pursuit of these common interests that

they share for their own interest but for their collective interest as well.

member state

- państwo członkowskie

to secure

- zapewnić, zdobyć, uzyskać, zabezpieczyć

economic

- ekonomiczny, gospodarczy

individual

- indywidualny

collective

- wspólny, zbiorowy

self-interest

- własny interes, własna korzyść

to seek (to)

- dążyć, zabiegać

advantage

- korzyść

through

- tu: poprzez, na drodze, za pomocą

cooperation

- współpraca

integration

- integracja

to build

- budować

to set up

- założyć, utworzyć

common market

- wspólny rynek

to require

- wymagać, potrzebować

sovereignty

- wspólnie zmobilizować, zebrać

pursuit

- pogoń za, dążenie do

common

- wspólny

to share

- dzielić (wspólnie)

o n

- łasny

objaśnienia:

The European Union – Unia Europejska

over the last 50 years – w ciągu ostatnich 50-ciu lat

in the pursuit of – w pogoni za, w dążeniu do

zauważ:

self-interest – własny interes

own interest = self-interest

common interest – wspólny interes

collective interest – zbiorowy interes

uzupełnij zdania:

1. The European Union was set (in, up, down) by its member states.

2. They cooperate with each other in the (purse, pursue, pursuit) of

common interests.

3. They seek to (secure, secular, security) their collective self-interests.

odpowiedzi:

1. up

2. pursuit

3. secure

Lesson 3

Europe after the war

Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister 1940-1945, 1951-1955):

We cannot aim at anything less than the union of Europe as a whole, and we

look forward with confidence to the day when that union will be achieved.

Edward Heath (British Prime Minister 1970-1974):

There was the Hague Conference, which the British Labour government was

not present at, and the Europeans there decided to move towards much

closer unity. And then in 1950 it was Jean Monet who brought forward the

idea of the Coal and Steel Community. And so from that it all developed.

Christopher Johnson (journalist):

The European Coal and Steel Community was really an attempt by France,

Germany, and the Benelux countries and Italy, to turn their back on the war

and to say, “If we pool the two basic materials that every economy needs in

war or in peace, namely coal and steel, then there can't be a war again”.

to pool

- suwerenność

- ojna

to aim

- tu: dążyć/zmierzać do czegoś

union

- unia, związek

to look forward to

- wypatrywać, oczekiwać

confidence

- tu: ufność, nadzieja

to achieve

- osiągnąć

Labour government

- rząd laburzystowski, rząd Partii Pracy

to move towards

- pójść w kierunku

unity

- jedność

to bring forward an idea

- wystąpić z pomysłem, ideą

attempt

- próba

to turn one’s back on sth

- odwrócić się do czegoś plecami, odciąć

się od czegoś

to pool

- wspólnie złączyć, zmobilizować

basic

- podstawowy

economy

- gospodarka

peace

- pokój

coal

- ęgiel

steel

- stal

objaśnienia:

The European Coal and Steel Community – Europejska Wspólnota

Węgla i Stali (pierwsza integracyjna organizacja europejska, założona w roku

1951 przez 6 państw: Belgię, Holandię, Luksemburg, Francję, RFN i Włochy,

weszła w życie w lipcu 1952 roku)

And so from that it all developed – I to dało wszystkiemu początek

uzupełnij zdania:

1. They looked (above, further, forward) with confidence to the day when

that union would be achieved.

2. They decided to (twist, turn, bend) their back on the war.

3. They decided to (pool, pull, puddle) the two basic materials that every

economy needs, namely coal and steel.

odpowiedzi:

1. forward

2. turn

3. pool

Lesson 4

The remaking of Europe

Richard Heffernan (Lecturer in Government and Politics at the Open

University):

I think you have to see the emergence of the European Union as being a

product of the remaking of Europe after 1945. I think, particularly continental

hole

- cały

powers agreed that they were best suited to try to cooperate rather than

conflict. And I think that the fear was that Europe should never ever again go

to war, and that economic and political cooperation, in an institution organised

internationally in a European arena, would be a good way of ensuring that that

would not happen.

Tony Benn (former Labour cabinet minister and Member of Parliament):

Germany knew it could only rediscover its power through a political instrument

that wasn't Germany. And therefore the European union provided a

framework within which its own economic and industrial power could be

recreated. France realised that it depended on Germany to have the industrial

base for its diplomatic leadership. And the little countries did, of course, feel

that they were best protected within a framework of the European Union.

remaking

- przekształcenie, przerobienie, tworzenie

na nowo

emergence

- wyłonienie się

to cooperate

- potęga, mocarstwo

to conflict

- pozostawać w konflikcie

fear

- obawa, strach

never ever

- (emfatycznie) nigdy więcej

to go to war

- iść na wojnę

cooperation

- współpraca

to ensure

- zapewnić, upewnić się

to rediscover

- odnaleźć, odzyskać

power

- potęga

to provide

- dostarczać

framework

- struktura, ramy

to recreate

- odtworzyć

to depend on

- zależeć, być uzależnionym od czegoś

industrial base

- baza przemysłowa

diplomatic leadership

- przywództwo dyplomatyczne

to be protected

- być chronionym

within a framework

- w łonie/w ramach struktury

objaśnienia:

they were best suited to try to cooperate – najlepiej nadawały się do tego,

żeby ze sobą współpracować

would be a good way of ensuring that that would not happen – byłoby dobrym

sposobem zapewnienia, że do tego nie dojdzie

uzupełnij zdania:

1. The (merger, mergence, emergence) of the European Union was the

product of the remaking of Europe after the Second World War.

2. The fear was that Europe should never (whatever, whenever, ever) go

to war again.

3. The little countries felt that they were best protected within a (frame,

framed, framework) of the European Union.

power

- współpracować

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: