Greene P.D. Light and Dark (IoP,2002)(ISBN 0750308745)(230s)_PPop_.pdf

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L IGHT AND
D ARK
D AV I D G REENE
Institute of Physics Publishing
Bristol and Philadelphia
350664131.002.png
IOP Publishing Ltd 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
publisher. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the
terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency under
the terms of its agreement with Universities UK (UUK).
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library.
ISBN 0 7503 0874 5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available
Commissioning Editor: Nicki Dennis
Production Editor: Simon Laurenson
Production Control: Sarah Plenty
Cover Design: Frederique Swist
Marketing: Nicola Newey and Verity Cooke
Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by
The Institute of Physics, London
Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol
BS1 6BE, UK
US Ofce: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger
Building, Suite 929, 150 South Independence Mall West,
Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
b y Te x t 2 Te x t , To r q u a y, D e v o n
Printed in the UK by J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol
Typ e se t i n L A T E X2
ε
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ix
1 ESSENTIAL, USEFUL AND FRIVOLOUS LIGHT
1
1.1 Light for life
1
1.2 Wonder and worship
4
1.3 Articial illumination
6
1.3.1 Light from combustion
6
1.3.2 Arc lamps and lament lamps
9
1.3.3 Gas discharge lamps
13
1.4 Light in art and entertainment
15
2 PATTERNS OF SUNLIGHT
19
2.1 The year
19
2.2 Equinoxes and eccentricity
22
2.3 The length of a day
26
2.4 The length of daylight
31
2.5 The length of a second
37
3 MONTHS AND MOONLIGHT
41
3.1 The lunar month and the lunar orbit
41
3.2 The lunar nodes and their rotation
43
3.3 The lunar day
48
3.4 The length of moonlight
50
3.5 Eclipses and Saros cycles
55
3.5.1 Eclipses and history
55
3.5.2 The Saros cycle
55
3.5.3 Total and annular solar eclipses
61
3.6 Tides
63
4 HISTORY, DATES AND TIMES
67
4.1 Solar calendars
67
4.2 The Roman Catholic Church and the development
of astronomy
70
LIGHT AND DARK
4.3 The start of the year
72
4.4 Lunar and other calendars
73
4.5 Time zones
77
4.6 The International Date Line
80
5 LIGHT AND THE ATMOSPHERE
84
5.1 Scattered light and twilight
84
5.2 Polarization of light
88
5.3 Rainbows
94
5.4 Cloudy skies
98
5.5 Halos
99
6 SEEING THE LIGHT
103
6.1 The human eye
103
6.2 Colour vision and colour blindness
109
6.2.1 Colour vision
109
6.2.2 Colour blindness
112
6.3 Polarization sensitivity
114
6.4 Speed of response
115
6.5 Optical illusions
118
7 ZOOLOGICAL DIVERSIONS
129
7.1 Colour vision in animals
129
7.2 Zebras
131
7.2.1 Species and subspecies
131
7.2.2 Other zebra-striped animals
133
7.3 Piebald coats and unusual goats
134
7.4 Jellicle cats are black and white
138
7.5 Cephalopods
142
7.6 Lighting up for a mate or a meal
144
7.6.1 Bioluminescence in insects
144
7.6.2 Bioluminescence in deep-sea sh
146
7.7 More anatomical oddities
147
8 INFORMATION IN LIGHT
150
8.1 Lighthouses
150
8.2 Semaphores for optical telegraphy
154
8.3 Morse, Mance and the heliograph
163
8.4 Bell and the photophone
166
vi

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