Mark's Mandarin for Beginners.pdf

Pinyin (11) phonetics

English to Mandarin

Mark Tarpinian

March 22, 2008

Pronunciation = Fayin (11) … http://www.nciku.com/

Using Pinyin to represent sound, then the equivalent Roman alphabet pronunciation is …

vowels

a = ah at end of word (examples: ta = tAH, ma = mAH)

a = eh after u, like the e in “pen” (examples: yuan = yooEHN)

ai = eye (examples: Shanghai = shang-hEYE, bai = bEYE)

ao = ow (examples: hao = HOW, bao = BOW)

e = uh (examples: wo de = wOH dUH, wo men = wOH mUHn, che = chUH)

ei = ay (examples: mei = mAY, wei = wAY)

i = ee ending word—not before ng, after u or a—after d, l, n, q, y, j (examples: di, li, ni, qi,

yi, ji)

i = ih as in “it” after s, z (examples: si, zi)

i = ir as in sure after sh, ch (shi, chi)

iu = yo (examples: wang chiu = wang chYO, pi jiu = pee jYO, niu nai = nYO nEYE)

ou = OH (example: zou = dzOH)

u = oo (yuan = YOO-EHN)

v = yu (like the double dot “umlat” in German)

ui = ooAY (examples: hui = hooAY)

consonants

ch = ch hard, mouth round (example: chi)

q = ch soft, mouth flat (example: qi)

sh = sh hard, tongue curled touching roof mouth

x = sh soft, flat tongue

zh = j hard, ½ air out nose and ½ out mouth (example ZhongShan Park)

j = j soft, all air out mouth (example: jia)

c = ts (tongue touches teeth then releases)

z = dz (example: zao)

tones (1 st di yi sheng … 2 nd di er sheng … 3 rd di san sheng … 4 th di si sheng … 0 toneless)

Which tone is it? Di ji sheng? (431)

First (1) = Flat … Second (2) = Rising … Third (3) = Fall then Rise … Fourth (4) = Falling

Remember this sequence by : walking on flat ground, up, thru valley, then down other side!

Contents by Subject

Subject Page

Forming Verb Tenses 3

Basic Verbs & Grammar Terms 3

Pronouns 3

Greetings 4

Replies & Questions 5

Telephone Talk 8

Feelings & Comparisons 8

Numbers 10

Colors 10

Time & Frequency 10

Conjunctions & Conditionals 12

Prepositions Of Place 12

Directions & Transportation 13

Places & Geography 14

Shopping 15

Food & Restaurant 16

Human Body 17

Sports & Fitness 18

Furniture 19

Fashion Clothing/Jewelry 19

People & Animals 20

School 21

Computer Terms 22

Nationality & Language 23

Photography & Movies 23

TV & Music & Dance 24

Weather & Travel 24

Holidays & Celebrations 25

Mark Tarpinian Biography 25

Forming Verb Tenses

Make sentence past add “le” at end (=did, done) (Wo dao le. = I’ve arrived.)

Make sentence progressive add “zheng zai” (44) before verb (=ing)

Make sentence future add “hui” (4), “yao” (4), “xiang yao” before verb (=will)

To make a question add “ma?” (1) at end (except when using the words …

What, When, Where, Why, Why, How)

Basic Verbs & Grammar Terms

To be, to live / spend time happily shi (4), guo de hen kuai le (40344)

To have, to make / to do, to let, to use you (3), zuo (4), rang (4), yong (4)

What makes (let’s) you be happy? Shenme rang ni gaoxing? (204313)

To speak, to tell, to say (news) shuo (1), gao su (44), ting shuo (11)

To ask / request, to invite / invitation wen (4) / qing qiu (32), yao qing (13)

To listen or to hear ting dao (14)

To look (at) / see, to read, to write kan (4) / jian (4), du (2), xie (3)

To forget, to remember wang ji (44), ji de (40)

To come, to go (out), to stay, to stop lai (2), qu (chu) (41), dai (1), ting zhi (23)

I’ll stay at home. Wo dai zai jia li.

To eat, to drink, to sleep chi (1), he (1), shui jiao (44)

To walk, to run, to shop zou (3), pao (3), mai dong xi (311)

To give to, to receive, to take (sth from) gei (3) (things) , shou dao (14), na (2)

To send (electronic) email to … fa (dian zi) you jian gei …

Can, cannot: expressing ability hui (4), bu hui (zuo) (444)

Can, cannot: expressing timing neng (2), bu neng (42)

Which tone is it (this word)? Di ji sheng (diao)? (4314)

First tone, second tone … di yi shen, di er shen (441) …

Historic 4 - character Chinese idiom cheng yu (23) (its meaning greater than words)

Noun, verb, adjective (adj) ming ci (22), dong ci (42), xing rong ci (222)

Note: singular/plural noun form=same quantity known context/counting word (yi ge ...)

Note: Mandarin uses no articles a/an/the frequently use this/that (below) or counting word

Note: make noun an adj adding “de” (0) mei guo=America, meiguode (320)=American

(or sometimes adding “xing de” 40)

Pronouns

I, my, we, our wo (3), wo de (30), wo men (30), wo men de (300)

You singular/plural, your ni (3) / ni men (30), ni de (30)

Myself, yourself, oneself zi ji (43), ni zi ji (343), zi wo (43)

He or she, his or her ta (1), ta de (10)

It, Its ta (1), ta de (10)

Himself or herself or itself ta zi ji (143)

They, their ta men (10), ta men de (100)

Themselves ta men zi ji (1043)

This (one), that (one) zhe (ge) (40), na (ge) (40)

Those, these na xie (41), zhe xie (41)

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