Schnor_Handbook.pdf

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Handbook for
Disc Springs
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Please refer any questions to:
Schnorr Corporation
4355 Varsity Drive Suite A
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone 734-677-2683
Fax 734-975-0408
eMail: sales@schnorr.com
Internet: http://www.schnorr.com
© Adolf Schnorr GmbH + Co. KG 2003
All rights reserved.
Reprinting, in full or part, is only possi ble with express
per mis si on and ack now led ge ment of the source.
Compiled by Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Eberhard Fromm and Ing.
(grad.) Wolfgang Kleiner.
We reserve the right to make technical changes
wi t hout no tice. All information is published to the best
of our knowledge and has been checked with great care.
However, we can accept no respon si bi li ty for errors or
omis si ons. We reserve the right to supp ly fea tures other
than those specifi ed.
Art.-No. 900 507 / 04.03
Production: Hela Werbung, Heilbronn
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Introduction p. 5
Theoretical basis
This part contains the theoretical basis for
the calculation and design of disc springs.
You only need to consult chapter 1–2 if you
yourself are specifying a special spring size or
wish to analyse an existing spring with regard
to load and stress.
Basic Calculation p. 13
with Examples
1
Design and Operation Limits p. 29
2
Possible Combinations p. 35
3
Practical use of disc springs
This part answers questions resulting from
the practical use of disc springs. It is best to
select a disc spring by consulting the tables
in chapter 9.
Manufacture p. 41
4
Tolerances p. 49
5
Application p. 55
6
Materials p. 65
7
Special Types p. 77
8
Dimensional Tables p. 81
9
Firm grip for bolts
by SCHNORR ® -Serrated Safety Washers
(Rib washers) and SCHNORR HDS Load
Washers
Security Elements for p. 137
Bolted Connections
10
Supplement p. 149
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Foreword
SCHNORR has now manufactured Disc Springs for over 60 years.
This period has been marked by extraordinary technical develop-
ments and Disc Springs have found many new and important
applications due to their special characteristics and advantages.
In order to meet customer requirements, SCHNORR has constantly
raised the quality of its products and researched solutions to cus-
tomer problems. Looking back, the development of the SCHNORR ®
Handbook for Disc Springs, which had its origin in the 1930s, is a
mirror of SCHNORR’s endeavours. The 1942 issue, 60 years ago,
already contained characteristic diagrams for 21 standard springs
as well as application and installation standards and instructions for
empirically based spring calculations. Each new issue revised the
technical content to conform to the state of the art.
SCHNORR would like to acknowledge and thank all of its col-
leagues at the Technical Universities of Braunschweig and Darmstadt
for their suggestions and developments in the fi eld of disc springs.
Their continued collaboration will ensure that the SCHNORR ® Hand-
book continues to be the source of technical advise on Disc Springs,
as it has been for many decades.
Dieter Jentsch, Manager
Adolf Schnorr GmbH + Co. KG
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Introduction
A disc spring is a conical shell which can be
loaded along its axis either statically or
dynamically. The loads are normally applied
to the upper inner edge and the lower outer
edge. Either a single spring or a stack of
springs can be used.
A spring stack can consist of either single
springs or parallel spring sets. Disc springs
are available either with or without contact
fl ats.
The Story of the Disc Spring
Although the disc spring has found a wider
application during the last few decades, it is
still an old established machine component.
The original inventor is not known, but more
than 130 years ago (on 26.12.1861 to be
precise) Julien Francois Belleville of Dunkirk
was granted French Patent Number 52399
for a spring design which already contained
the principle of the disc spring. The im-
portance this invention achieved is unknown,
but the fact that even today France and the
Anglo Saxon countries still speak of “Belle-
vil le Springs” infers a broad dissemination of
this or similar springs. Today this tends to
denote a disc spring of inferior quality, which
still refl ects the not always satisfactory de-
sign and function of springs at that time. This
is no wonder considering that in the last
century neither the theoretical conditions for
calculations nor the necessary materials for
manufacture were available.
Not until 1917 did Fr. Dubois develop the
theory on which the calculation of the disc
spring is based in his dissertation “The
Strength of the Conical Shell” [1] at the ETH in
Zurich. However, it still took several decades
until this was adopted in practice. For a long
time disc springs continued to be calculated
– if at all – in accordance with the theory of
the fl at perforated plate. Then in 1936 two
Americans, Almen and László, published a
sim pli fi ed method of calculation [2] which al-
lowed a quick and practically correct method
for calculating disc springs.
1940
As these two documents
substantiate, SCHNORR
was and is substancially
involved in the develop -
ment of disc springs.
1995
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