133002 - Kurmanji Kurdish, a Reference Grammar with Selected Readings.pdf
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—Kurmanji Kurdish—
A Reference Grammar
with Selected Readings
W. M. Thackston
ii
CONTENTS
......................................................................................
The aspirated and unaspirated stops
1
...............................................................
3
..............................................................................................................
Orthographic variants
4
.....................................................................................
4
.......................................................................................
The furtive
i....................................................................................................
4
4
SUBSTANTIVES
§ 1. The Noun
.................................................................................................
7
..................................................................................................
§ 1.2. Inflection
7
..............................................................................................
§ 2. Demonstrative Adjectives and
Her
‘Every’
7
............................................
9
...............................................................................
§ 4. The Primary Construct Case
10
.................................................................
11
....................................................................
§ 5. The Secondary Construct: The Construct Extender
12
..............................
14
§ 6. Synopsis of Noun States of Cases
.........................................................
16
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§ 7.1 The Reflexive Pronoun
Xwe
17
................................................................
§ 8. Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions
19
.......................................
19
§ 8.1. Contracted Prepositions
.....................................................................
21
................................................................................................
§ 9.1. Ordinal Numbers
21
................................................................................
§ 9.2. Months of the Year and Days of the Week
24
........................................
25
.......................................................................................
§ 10. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
26
............................................
26
iii
PHONOLOGY
Alphabet and sounds
Stress
Doubled consonants
§ 1.1. Gender
§ 3. The Indefinite State
§ 4.1 The Adjectival Construct
§ 7. Personal Pronouns
§ 9. Numbers
§ 9.3. Telling Time
...................................................................................
§ 12. ‘To Have’ and the Existential Verb
Hebûn
29
.........................................
30
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§ 14. The Present Tense
31
...............................................................................
32
................................................................................
§ 16. The Formation of the Present Subjunctive
34
..........................................
35
§ 16.1 Uses of the Present Subjunctive
........................................................
37
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§ 16.2.
Xwestin
‘To Want’
40
...........................................................................
41
§ 16.3.
Karîn
‘To Be Able’
..........................................................................
41
§ 17. The Imperative
....................................................................................
42
....................................................................................
§ 18. The Simple Past (Intransitive)
43
.............................................................
§ 18.1. The Past Habitual/Progressive (Intransitive)
43
...................................
44
......................................
§ 18.3 Number Agreement in Extended Ergative Verbs
45
..............................
48
§ 18.4 The Past Tense of
Xwestin
................................................................
49
§ 18.5. Loss of Ergativity
.............................................................................
49
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§ 20. The Present Perfect Tense (Intransitive)
49
.............................................
§ 20.1. The Present Perfect Tense (Transitive/Ergative)
50
.............................
50
..................................................
§ 21.1. The Past Perfect Tense (Transitive/Ergative)
52
..................................
53
§ 21.2. The Past Perfect Tense of
Karîn
and
Zanîn
.....................................
57
...........................................................................
§ 23. The Future Perfect Tense
55
....................................................................
56
§ 24. The Modal of
Karîn
............................................................................
57
................................................................................
§ 25.1. The Past Conditional
57
........................................................................
58
iv
THE VERB
§ 11. Present Copulas
§ 13. The Infinitive
§ 15. Compound Verbs
§ 16.2. The Future Tense
§ 17.1. The Vocative
§ 18.2 The Simple Past (Transitive): The Ergative
§ 19. The Past Participle
§ 21. The Past Perfect Tense (Intransitive)
§ 22. The Past Subjunctive
§ 25. The Irrealis Mood
§ 25.2. The Past Perfect Conditionals
..........................................................
59
...............................................................................
§ 27. Postposed Verbal Complements
62
.........................................................
63
....................................................................................
§ 28.1. The Periphrastic Factitive Construction
64
...........................................
65
OTHER SYNTACTICAL FEATURES
§ 29. Subordinate Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions
.......................
66
§ 30. Relative Clauses
..................................................................................
67
..................................................................................
§ 32. Expressions of Temporal Duration
70
.....................................................
§ 33. Sequence of Tenses after Past Verbs of Perception
71
............................
71
§ 34. Questions with
Ma
..............................................................................
72
...........................................................
Common Verbs with Irregular Present Stems
74
..............................................
79
....................................................
Grammatical and Orthographic Differences between “Standard” Kurmanji
and Ex-Soviet Kurmanji
81
.......................................................................
83
...............................................................
Osman Sebrî, “Çar Leheng: Leheng I: Ferzende Beg”
86
.........................
91
........................................................................
Şahînê B. Soreklî, “Vegera Mal”
94
........................................................
“Cumhûriyeta Kurdî ya Mehabadê”
101
...................................................
107
............................................................
__________, “Li Mala Rewşen Bedir-Xan”
111
.......................................
__________, “Sedsaliya Celadet Alî Bedir-Xan”
116
...............................
120
Nûredîn Zaza, “Xurşîd”
......................................................................
130
...........................................................................
Zeynelabîdîn Zinar, “Bavê Nazê”
133
.......................................................
v
138
§ 26. The Passive Voice
§ 28. Factitive Verbs
§ 31. The Emphatic
Jî
Synopsis of Verb Tenses and Moods
Conversion Table for Arabic and Cyrillic
READINGS
Qedrîcan, “Rojên Derbasbûyî
Kurdo Husên, “Başoke”
Firat Cewerî, “Kêzika Bênav”
__________, “Gulê”
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