Veterinary Toxicology (Practical).pdf

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Printed in the United States of America

SERIES PREFACE

The Practical Veterinarian was developed to help veterinary students,

veterinarians, and veterinary technicians quickly find answers to com-

mon questions. Unlike larger textbooks, which are filled with detailed

information and meant to serve as reference books, all the books in

The Practical Veterinarian series are designed to cut to the heart of the

subject matter. Not meant to replace the reference texts, the guides in

the series complement the larger books by serving as an introduction

to each topic for those learning the subject for the first time or as a

quick review for those who already have mastered the basics.

The titles are selected to provide information about the most com-

mon subjects encountered in veterinary school and veterinary practice.

The authors are experienced and established clinicians who can pre-

sent the subject matter in an easy-to-understand format. This helps

both the first-time student of the subject and the seasoned practitioner

to assess information often difficult to comprehend.

The editor and authors hope that the books in The Practical Vet-

erinarian series will meet the needs of readers and serve as a constant

source of practical and important information. We welcome comments

and suggestions that will help improve future editions of the books in

this series.

SHAWN P. MESSONNIER, D.V.M.

VII

PREFACE

This book was written to provide the busy practitioner and the veteri-

nary student a source of information concerning the more common

intoxications in the United States. Veterinary toxicology is a very broad-

based discipline with literally thousands of possible toxicants. The list

was reduced using a core knowledge guidance paper written by the

diplomates of the American Board of Veterinary Toxicology.

Chapter 1 presents an initial discussion of the absorption, distri-

bution, metabolism, and elimination of veterinary toxins and provides

the reader with a framework for a rational therapeutic approach. It also

provides the reader with information concerning calculations involved

in veterinary toxicology. This begins the process of understanding the

estimation of dose that is critical to differentiating between exposure

and intoxication.

Chapter 2 provides the reader with some “reminders” of possible

toxins based upon the patient’s clinical signs. Chapter 3 discusses the

pathophysiology of selected intoxications and gives the reader some

deeper insight into the processes by which these poisons produce their

clinical effects. It also provides a rational approach to symptomatic or

antidotal therapy.

Chapter 4 represents the bulk of this book, which is dedicated to

individual monographs of specific toxins that are arranged alphabeti-

cally. This chapter should provide the reader with the requisite infor-

mation to diagnose and treat a veterinary toxicosis. Chapter 5 concerns

antidotal therapy and provides a quick access to the relatively limited

number of antidotes that are available to the veterinarian. Chapter 6

discusses some of the basics of diagnostic toxicology as well as other

sources of information that may be beneficial to the reader.

It is my hope that this text provides the reader with a greater

understanding of veterinary toxicology and most importantly the infor-

mation necessary to diagnose and treat our veterinary patients.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank some individuals who

made this whole process possible. I first would like to thank my col-

leagues who are diplomates of the American Board of Veterinary Toxi-

cology. I am greatly indebted to their original and clinical research

(performed and published) that serve as the backbone of this text.

I would also like to thank Leslie Kramer from Butterworth–Heinemann

PREFACE

who patiently guided me through the process of putting these pages

together. I am thankful that my sons, Adam, Alex, and Andrew, will

soon see the fruits of this labor. Most especially, I am forever indebted

to my loving wife, Karen, who supports me always in all things.

J. D. R.

Overview of Veterinary Toxicology

Introduction

The art and science of toxicology are only slightly younger than

humankind. Early in the development of hunting and warfare, there is

evidence of the use of poisoned arrows to gain tactical advantage. The

principles of toxicology predate poison arrows—they are as old as bac-

teria and rooted in plants. The vascular plants developed many suc-

cessful chemical strategies to discourage or prevent predation by

herbivorous insects and animals. Today tens of thousands of potential

toxins can affect our veterinary patients, and there are fewer than two

dozen specific antidotes. Imagine treating the entire spectrum of infec-

tious diseases with only 24 antibiotics.

In human medicine, the diagnosis and management of intoxica-

tion are simplified by the following:

• Toxidromes: clinical syndromes strongly associated with certain

toxins

• Greater access to diagnostic tools

• Fewer financial restraints

In veterinary medicine, the diagnosis and management of intoxi-

cation pose the following challenges:

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