Handbook of Nanoscience, Enginnering, and Technology.pdf

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE,

ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE,

ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

Edited by

William A. Goddard, III

California Institute of Technology

The Beckman Institute

Pasadena, California

Donald W. Brenner

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

Sergey Edward Lyshevski

Rochester Institute of Technology

Rochester, New York

Gerald J. Iafrate

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

depicts a model of a gramicidin ionic channel showing the atoms forming the protein, and the conduction

pore deﬁned by a representative potential isosurface. The

front cover

(left) shows a 3D simulation of a nano-arch termination/

zipping of a graphite crystal edge whose structure may serve as an element for a future nanodevice, and as a template for

nanotube growth. The back cover (right) shows ﬁve ﬁgures explained within the text.

back cover

by Benjamin Grosser, Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ionic channel image (front) by Grosser and Janet Sinn-Hanlon; data by Munoj

Gupta and Karl Hess. Graphite nano-arch simulation image (back left) by Grosser and Slava V. Rotkin; data by Rotkin.

Small ﬁgure images by (from top to bottom): 1) T. van der Straaten; 2) Rotkin and Grosser; 3) Rotkin and Grosser; 4) B.

Tuttle, Rotkin and Grosser; 5) Rotkin and M. Dequesnes. Background image by Glenn Fried.

ver design

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of nanoscience, engineering, and technology / edited by

William A. Goddard,

III … [et al.].

p. cm. — (Electrical engineering handbook series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-1200-0 (alk. paper)

1. Molecular electronics. 2. Nanotechnology. I. Goddard, William A., 1937– II. Series.

TK7874.8 .H35 2002

620

2002073329

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with

permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish

reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials

or for the consequences of their use.

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permission in writing from the publisher.

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isit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

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No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1200-0

Library of Congress Card Number 2002073329

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

The

.5—dc21

rademark Notice:

Dedication

or my wife Karen, for her dedication and love, and for Sophie and Maxwell.

nald W. Brenner

or my dearest wife Marina, and for my children Lydia and Alexander.

ergey E. Lyshevski

o my wife, Kathy, and my family for their loving support and patience.

rald J. Iafrate

Preface

n the now-famous talk given in 1959, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” Nobel Prize laureate

Richard Feynman outlined the promise of nanotechnology. It took over two decades, but the development

of the scanning tunneling microscope by IBM researchers in the early 1980s gave scientists and engineers

the ability not only to image atoms but also to manipulate atoms and clusters with a precision equal to

that of a chemical bond. Also in the 1980s, Eric Drexler wrote several books that went beyond Feynman’s

vision to outline a fantastic technology that includes pumps, gears, and molecular assemblers consisting

of only hundreds to thousands of atoms that, if built, promised to revolutionize almost every aspect of

human endeavor. While Drexler’s vision continues to stir controversy and skepticism in the science

community, it has served to inspire a curious young generation to pursue what is perceived as the next

frontier of technological innovation. Fueled by breakthroughs such as in the production and character-

ization of fullerene nanotubes, self-assembled monolayers, and quantum dots — together with advances

in theory and modeling and concerted funding from the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the U.S.

and similar programs in other countries — the promise of nanotechnology is beginning to come true.

Will nanotechnology revolutionize the human condition? Only time will tell. Clearly, though, this is an

exciting era in which to be involved in science and engineering at the nanometer scale.

Research at the nanometer scale and the new technologies being developed from this research are

evolving much too rapidly for a book like this to provide a complete picture of the ﬁeld. Many journals

such as

report critical breakthroughs in nanometer-scale

science and technology almost weekly. Instead, the intent of this handbook is to provide a wide-angle

snapshot of the state of the ﬁeld today, including basic concepts, current challenges, and advanced research

results, as well as a glimpse of the many breakthroughs that will assuredly come in the next decade and

beyond. Speciﬁcally, visionary research and developments in nanoscale and molecular electronics, bio-

technology, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomputers are reported. This handbook is intended for a wide

audience, with chapters that can be understood by laymen and educate and challenge seasoned research-

ers. A major goal of this handbook is to further develop and promote nanotechnology by expanding its

horizon to new and exciting areas and ﬁelds in engineering, science, medicine, and technology.

Nature

Science

, and

Physical Review Letters

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