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An Era of

European

Imperialism

1800–1914

Why It Matters

The period of world history from 1800 to 1914

was characterized by two major developments:

the growth of industrialization and Western

domination of the world. The Industrial Revolution

became one of the major forces for change,

leading Western civilization into the industrial

era that has characterized the modern world. At

the same time, the Industrial Revolution created

the technological means, including new weapons,

by which the West achieved domination over

much of the rest of the world.

I NDUSTRIALIZATION AND N ATIONALISM

1800–1870

CHAPTER 19

M ASS S OCIETY AND D EMOCRACY

1870–1914

CHAPTER 20

T HE H EIGHT OF I MPERIALISM

1800–1914

CHAPTER 21

E AST A SIA U NDER C HALLENGE

1800–1914

CHAPTER 22

Railways, like this one at London Paddington Station,

were integral to the success of the Industrial Revolution in

Great Britain.

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611

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Industrialization and

Nationalism 1800 –1870

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution

Section 2 Reaction and Revolution

Section 3 National Unification and the Nationalism

Section 4 Romanticism and Realism

MAKING CONNECTIONS

How do events influence culture?

In 1834, fire destroyed the original Houses of Parliament in Britain.

Reflecting the influence of the romantics, architects used neo-Gothic

style—an imitation of the medieval Gothic style—to rebuild these

landmarks and add Big Ben. In this chapter, you will learn how

romanticism emerged from the turmoil of the Industrial Revolution.

• Review the description of Gothic style in Chapter 10. What

elements of Gothic style do you see in the photo of the Houses

of Parliament and clock tower?

• How has the development of the Internet affected today’s culture?

1804

Richard Trevithick’s

steam locomotive

runs on an industrial

rail-line in Britain

1848

Revolutions erupt in

Europe, beginning

with the overthrow

of Louis-Philippe

1814

Congress of

Vienna meets

E UROPE AND THE

U NITED S TATES

1800

1820

1840

T HE W ORLD

T HE W ORLD

1821

Mexico declares

independence from Spain

1839

Opium War

begins in China

612

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Ideolo gies

1871

German

unification

achieved under

William I

1865

Confederate forces

surrender, ending the

American Civil War

Describing Create a

Layered-Look Book

to record notes about

the ideologies of

the 1800s.

Conservatism

Nationalism

Liberalism

1860

1880

1869

Suez Canal

completed

(ISTORY /.,).%

Chapter Overview— Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 19.

Keith Levitt/Index Stock Imagery, (t) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (b) Archives Charmet, Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library

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The Industrial Revolution

Beginning in Great Britain during the late eighteenth century,

the Industrial Revolution led to the industrialization that

shaped the modern world. Europe saw a shift from an economy

based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on

manufacturing by machines in factories.

GUIDE TO READING

The BIG Idea

New Technologies The Industrial

Revolution changed the way people lived and

worked.

Content Vocabulary

• enclosure movement ( p. 614)

• capital (p . 614)

• entrepreneurs ( p. 614)

• cottage industry ( p. 615)

• puddling (p . 616)

• industrial capitalism (p . 620)

• socialism (p . 621)

The Industrial Revolution in

Great Britain

With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets,

Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution.

HISTORY & YOU Think about how computers are rapidly changing today’s

world. Read to understand how the Industrial Revolution changed life in the

nineteenth century.

Academic Vocabulary

• derived ( p. 616)

• hypothetical (p . 621)

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s

and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. Sev-

eral factors contributed to make Great Britain the starting place.

First, agricultural practices in the eighteenth century had

changed. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved trans-

portation, and new crops such as the potato dramatically increased

the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices with

less labor. Now even ordinary British families could use some of

their income to buy manufactured goods.

Second, with the increased food supply, the population grew.

Parliament passed enclosure movement laws in the 1700s. When

landowners fenced off common lands, many peasants had to

move to towns, giving Britain a plentiful supply of labor.

Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest

in the new industrial machines and factories. Many British people

were wealthy. The entrepreneurs found new business opportuni-

ties and new ways to make profits.

Fourth, Britain had plentiful natural resources. The country’s

rivers provided water power for the new factories. These water-

ways provided a means for transporting raw materials and fin-

ished products. Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and

iron ore, essential in manufacturing processes.

Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready

outlet for their goods. Britain had a vast colonial empire, and Brit-

ish ships could transport goods anywhere in the world. Also,

because of population growth and cheaper food at home, domes-

tic markets increased. A growing demand for cotton cloth led

British manufacturers to look for ways to increase production.

People and Places

• James Watt (p. 616)

• Robert Fulton (p. 619)

• Manchester (p. 617)

• Robert Owen (p. 621)

• Liverpool (p . 617)

Reading Strategy

Categorizing Information As

you read, use a table like the one below

to name important inventors mentioned

in this section and their inventions.

Inventors

Inventions

614

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