czech grammar.pdf

Czech

Laura A. Janda

and

Charles E. Townsend

iii

Table of Contents

0. Socio- and geolinguistic situation .............................................................. 1

0.1 Location and number of speakers................................................................................... 1

0.2 Relation of Czech to other languages ............................................................................. 1

0.3 Dialectology ................................................................................................................... 1

0.4 Diglossia........................................................................................................................ 4

1. Phonology ................................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Phonemes and alphabet .................................................................................................. 5

Alphabet........................................................................................................................ 5

Vowels..........................................................................................................................6

The liquids r and l......................................................................................................... 7

Consonants ................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Phonological rules..........................................................................................................8

Stress ............................................................................................................................ 8

Glottal stop....................................................................................................................9

Voicing phenomena ................................................................................................... 10

Consonant clusters ...................................................................................................... 10

Vowel epenthesis ........................................................................................................ 11

Phonology of Colloquial Czech .................................................................................. 11

2. Morphology .......................................................................................................... 13

2.1 Inflectional morphology ............................................................................................... 13

2.1.0 Morphophonemic alternations in inflection ............................................................... 13

Vowel-zero alternations ............................................................................................. 13

Qualitative vowel alternations ..................................................................................... 13

Quantitative vowel alternations ................................................................................... 13

Type 1 (Ñhalf-softeningÒ) consonant alternations ........................................................ 14

Type 2 (Ñfull-softeningÒ) consonant alternations......................................................... 14

Isolated and suppletive types....................................................................................... 15

2.1.1 Noun morphology..................................................................................................... 15

2.1.1.1 Masculine paradigms ............................................................................................. 15

Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 15

Inanimate: rozbor ÓanalysisÔ ....................................................................................... 15

Animate: bratr ÓbrotherÔ ............................................................................................. 15

Animacy ..................................................................................................................... 16

Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 17

Inanimate: ko¢ ÓbasketÔ................................................................................................ 17

Animate: mal£ ÓpainterÔ.............................................................................................. 17

Stems alternating between hard and soft ..................................................................... 17

kotel ÓcauldronÔ ........................................................................................................... 17

Special types ............................................................................................................... 17

-a virile: p£ednosta Óchief, headÔ ................................................................................. 18

-e virile: zachrnce ÓsaviorÔ ........................................................................................ 18

2.1.1.2 Neuter paradigms................................................................................................... 18

Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 19

mªsto ÓcityÔ ................................................................................................................. 19

Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 19

Special types ............................................................................................................... 19

-ªt-/-at- type: sl«nª Óbaby elephantÔ............................................................................. 19

- type: nb£e¡ ÓwaterfontÔ ......................................................................................... 20

2.1.1.3 Feminine paradigms ............................................................................................... 20

Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 20

¡ena ÓwomanÔ ............................................................................................................. 20

Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 21

r«¡e ÓroseÔ................................................................................................................... 21

Feminine nouns ending in a consonant ....................................................................... 21

Nsg in zero, -e/ª type: dla¯ Ópalm of handÔ ................................................................. 21

Nsg in zero, -i type: kost ÓboneÔ .................................................................................. 21

2.1.1.4 Nouns of variable or indeterminate gender............................................................. 22

2.1.2 Adjectival morphology.............................................................................................. 22

2.1.2.1 Long form adjectives.............................................................................................. 22

Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 23

druh³ Ósecond; otherÔ .................................................................................................. 23

Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 23

prvnÉÓfirstÔ.................................................................................................................. 23

2.1.2.2 Short form adjectives and possessive adjectives .................................................... 23

Short form adjectives .................................................................................................. 23

nemocn³ ÓillÔ ............................................................................................................... 23

Possessive adjectives .................................................................................................. 23

bratr«v ÓbrotherÔsÔ...................................................................................................... 24

2.1.2.3 Comparatives and superlatives ............................................................................... 24

Comparative adjectives................................................................................................ 24

Superlative adjectives .................................................................................................. 25

2.1.2.4 Deadjectival adverbs .............................................................................................. 25

Adverbs formed from adjectives ................................................................................. 25

Comparative adverbs................................................................................................... 25

Superlative adverbs ..................................................................................................... 26

2.1.3 Pronominal morphology ........................................................................................... 26

Personal, reflexive, and interrogative pronouns .......................................................... 26

First person................................................................................................................. 26

Second person............................................................................................................. 26

Third person................................................................................................................ 27

Reflexive pronoun....................................................................................................... 27

Interrogative pronouns: kdo ÓwhoÔ and co ÓwhatÔ ....................................................... 27

Possessive pronouns................................................................................................... 27

m«j ÓmyÔ (tv«jÉÓthy, yourÔ has the same endings) ....................................................... 28

n¢ ÓourÔ (v¢ ÓyourÔ has the same declension) .......................................................... 28

Demonstrative pronoun............................................................................................... 29

ten Óthis, that, theÔ........................................................................................................ 29

Relative and other pronouns........................................................................................ 29

sm ÓoneselfÔ .............................................................................................................. 29

vechen ÓallÔ .................................................................................................................. 29

2.1.4 Numeral morphology ................................................................................................ 30

Cardinal numerals ....................................................................................................... 31

jeden ÓoneÔ .................................................................................................................. 31

dva ÓtwoÔ..................................................................................................................... 31

t£i ÓthreeÔ and ©ty£i ÓfourÔ ............................................................................................ 31

Ordinal numerals......................................................................................................... 32

Indefinite numerals ..................................................................................................... 32

Other numerals ........................................................................................................... 32

2.1.5 Verbal morphology ................................................................................................... 33

2.1.5.1 Conjugation classes................................................................................................ 34

TYPE I - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m........................................................................... 35

TYPE II - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m .......................................................................... 35

TYPE III - SUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i........................................................................ 35

TYPE III - NONSUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i............................................................... 35

Irregular verbs: ........................................................................................................... 36

Imperative formation................................................................................................... 37

Gerunds and active participles..................................................................................... 37

2.1.5.2 Negation................................................................................................................. 37

2.1.5.3 Aspectual derivation............................................................................................... 38

Formation of perfectives ............................................................................................. 38

Formation of imperfectives ......................................................................................... 38

2.1.5.4 Motion verbs.......................................................................................................... 39

2.1.6 Uninflected parts of speech ....................................................................................... 40

2.2 Derivational morphology ............................................................................................. 42

2.2.1 Derivational morphology of nouns, adjectives, and verbs......................................... 43

2.2.1.1 Prefixes for nouns, adjectives, and verbs ............................................................... 43

2.2.1.2 Derivation of nouns ............................................................................................... 46

Derivation of nouns from nouns, adjectives, and verbs .............................................. 46

Suffixes and Endings for Masculine Nouns ............................................................... 47

Suffixes and Endings for Neuter Nouns ..................................................................... 49

Suffixes and Endings for Feminine Nouns ................................................................. 51

Derivation of nouns from adverbs, prepositional phrases, and numerals .................... 54

Derivation of nouns via compounding ........................................................................ 55

Derivation of diminutive and augmentative nouns ...................................................... 56

2.2.1.3 Derivation of adjectives.......................................................................................... 57

Derivation of diminutive, augmentative, and attenuative adjectives ............................. 58

Derivation of possessive adjectives............................................................................. 58

Derivation of compound adjectives ............................................................................. 58

2.2.1.4 Derivation of adverbs and pronouns ...................................................................... 58

2.2.1.5 Derivation of verbs ................................................................................................ 59

Verbs derived with the reflexives se and si ................................................................. 59

Factitives in -it............................................................................................................. 60

ÑBecomingÒ and ÑbeingÒ verbs in -at, -it, -ªt, -nout .................................................... 60

Diminutive verbs......................................................................................................... 61

Foreign borrowings and neologisms with -ovat ......................................................... 61

2.3 Morphology of Colloquial Czech................................................................................. 61

2.3.1 Inflection of nouns .................................................................................................... 61

2.3.2 Inflection of adjectives and adverbs .......................................................................... 62

druh ej Ósecond; otherÔ................................................................................................. 62

2.3.4 Inflection of pronouns............................................................................................... 63

2.3.5 Inflection of numerals ............................................................................................... 63

2.3.6 Inflection of verbs ..................................................................................................... 63

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