Physic and Chemistry of Interfaces.pdf

Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, Michael Kappl

Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces. Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, Michael Kappl

2003 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA

ISBN: 3-527-40413-9

Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, Michael Kappl

Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

WILEY-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA

Authors

This book was carefully produced. Never-

theless, authors and publisher do not warrant

the information contained therein to be free

of errors. Readers are advised to keep in

mind that statements, data, illustrations,

procedural details or other items may

inadvertently be inaccurate

Hans-Jürgen Butt

MPI für Polymerforschung Mainz

e-mail: butt@mpip-mainz.mpg.de

Karlheinz Graf

MPI für Polymerforschung Mainz

e-mail: grafk@mpip-mainz.mpg.de

Library of Congress Card No. applied for

Michael Kappl

MPI für Polymerforschung Mainz

e-mail: kappl@mpip-mainz.mpg.de

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication

Data: A catalogue record for this book is

available from the British Library.

Cover Pictures

The left picture shows aggregates of silicon

oxide particles with a diameter of 0.9 μm (see

example 1.1). At the bottom an atomic force

microscope image of cylindrical CTAB mi-

celles adsorbed to gold(111) is shown (see

example 12.3, width: 200 nm). The right

image was also obtained by atomic force

microscopy. It shows the surface of a self-

assembled monolayer of long-chain alkylthiols

on gold(111) (see fig. 10.2, width: 3.2 nm).

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Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication

in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;

detailed bibliographic data is available in the

Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>.

KGaA, Weinheim

lation into other languages). No part of this

book may be reproduced in any form – by

photoprinting, microfilm, or any other

means – nor transmitted or translated into

machine language without written permis-

sion from the publishers. Registered names,

trademarks, etc. used in this book, even

when not specifically marked as such, are

not be considered unprotected by law.

printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

printed on acid-free paper

Composition Uwe Krieg, Berlin

Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt

Bookbinding Litges&Dopf Buchbinderei

GmbH, Heppenheim

ISBN 3-527-40413-9

Preface

Interface science has changed signiﬁcantly during the last 10–15 years. This is partially due to

scientiﬁc breakthroughs. For example, the invention of scanning probe microscopy and reﬁned

diffraction methods allow us to look at interfaces under “wet” conditions with unprecedented

accuracy. This change is also due to the greatly increased community of interfacial scien-

tists. One reason is certainly the increased relevance of micro- and nanotechnology, including

lab-on-chip technology, microﬂuids, and biochips. Objects in the micro- and nanoworld are

dominated by surface effects rather than gravitation or inertia. Therefore, surface science is

the basis for nanotechnology.

The expansion of the community is correlated with an increased interdisciplinarity. Tradi-

tionally the community tended to be split into “dry” surface scientists (mainly physicists work-

ing under ultrahigh vacuum conditions) and “wet” surface scientists (mainly colloid chemists).

In addition, engineers dealing with applications like coatings, adhesion, or lubrication, formed

a third community. This differentiation is signiﬁcantly less pronounced and interface science

has become a really interdisciplinary ﬁeld of research including, for example, chemical engi-

neering and biology.

This development motivated us to write this textbook. It is a general introduction to surface

and interface science. It focuses on basic concepts rather than speciﬁc details, on understand-

ing rather than learning facts. The most important techniques and methods are introduced.

The book reﬂects that interfacial science is a diverse ﬁeld of research. Several classical scien-

tiﬁc or engineering disciplines are involved. It contains basic science and applied topics such

as wetting, friction, and lubrication. Many textbooks concentrate on certain aspects of surface

science such as techniques involving ultrahigh vacuum or classical “wet” colloid chemistry.

We tried to include all aspects because we feel that for a good understanding of interfaces, a

comprehensive introduction is required.

Our manuscript is based on lectures given at the universities of Siegen and Mainz. It ad-

dresses (1) advanced students of engineering, chemistry, physics, biology, and related subjects

and (2) scientists in academia or industry, who are not yet specialists in surface science but

want to get a solid background knowledge of the subject. The level is introductory for sci-

entists and engineers who have a basic knowledge of the natural sciences and mathematics.

Certainly no advanced level of mathematics is required. When looking through the pages of

this book you will see a substantial number of equations. Please do not be scared! We pre-

ferred to give all transformations explicitly rather than writing “as can easily be seen” and

stating the result. Chapter “Thermodynamics of Interfaces” is the only exception. To ap-

preciate it a basic knowledge of thermodynamics is required. You can skip and still be able

to follow the rest. In this case please read and try to get an intuitive understanding of what

surface excess is (Section 3.1) and what the Gibbs adsorption equation implies (Section 3.4.2).

Preface

A number of problems with solutions were included to allow for private studies. If not

mentioned otherwise, the temperature was assumed to be 25 ◦ C. At the end of each chapter the

most important equations, facts, and phenomena are summarized to given students a chance

to concentrate on important issues and help instructors preparing exams.

One of the main problems when writing a textbook is to limit its content. We tried hard to

keep the volume within the scope of one advanced course of roughly 15 weeks, one day per

week. Unfortunately, this means that certain topics had to be cut short or even left out com-

pletely. Statistical mechanics, heterogeneous catalysis, and polymers at surfaces are issues

which could have been expanded.

This book certainly contains errors. Even after having it read by different people indepen-

dently, this is unavoidable. If you ﬁnd an error, please write us a letter (Max-Planck-Institute

for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany) or an e-mail (butt@mpip-

mainz.mpg.de) so that we can correct it and do not confuse more students.

We are indebted to several people who helped us collecting information, preparing, and

critically reading this manuscript. In particular we would like thank R. von Klitzing, C. Lorenz,

C. Stubenrauch, D. Vollmer, J. Wölk, R. Wolff, K. Beneke, J. Blum, M. Böhm, E. Bonac-

curso, P. Broekmann, G. Glasser, G. Gompper, M. Grunze, J. Gutmann, L. Heim, M. Hille-

brand, T. Jenkins, X. Jiang, U. Jonas, R. Jordan, I. Lieberwirth, G. Liger-Belair, M. Lösche,

E. Meyer, P. Müller-Buschbaum, T. Nagel, D. Quéré, J. Rabe, H. Schäfer, J. Schreiber,

M. Stamm, M. Steinhart, G. Subklew, J. Tomas, K. Vasilev, K. Wandelt, B. Wenclawiak,

R. Wepf, R. Wiesendanger, D.Y. Yoon, M. Zharnikov, and U. Zimmermann.

Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, and Michael Kappl

Mainz, August 2003

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