Small Wind Turbines Guide Final.pdf

URBAN WIND TURBINES

GUIDELINES FOR SMALL WIND TURBINES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Jadranka Cace, RenCom

Emil ter Horst, HoriSun

Katerina Syngellakis, IT Power

Mate Niel, Axenne

Patrick Clement, Axenne

Renate Heppener, ARC

Eric Peirano, Ademe

Wind Energy Integration in the Urban Environment

Supported by:

"The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. The content

does not represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission

is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein."

February 2007

Project website:

www.urbanwind.org

URBAN WIND TURBINES

GUIDELINES FOR SMALL WIND TURBINES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

WINEUR was implemented by the following organisations:

Ren Com

Table of contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6

1.1

Purpose of this document.......................................................................................................................................................................................................6

1.2

Definition.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6

1.3

Stakeholders...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................6

1.4

European Cities Urban Wind Network ...................................................................................................................................................................................7

Types of turbines ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

2.1

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)..................................................................................................................................................................................8

2.2

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) ......................................................................................................................................................................................9

2.3

Some examples of other types of wind turbines ..................................................................................................................................................................10

Technical data ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................11

Costs, benefits and efficiency of UWTs....................................................................................................................................................................................13

4.1

Costs ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13

4.2

Benefits.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

4.3

Efficiency of UWTs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Suppliers and manufacturers....................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Projects .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20

6.1

Installed turbines ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................20

6.2

On-going projects .................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

6.3

Projects in preparation .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23

6.4

Some research activities ......................................................................................................................................................................................................24

Why UWTs in urban areas?......................................................................................................................................................................................................27

Case Study: State of the UWT market in The Netherlands......................................................................................................................................................27

8.1

Position of the Dutch government ........................................................................................................................................................................................28

8.2

Position of market actors......................................................................................................................................................................................................28

8.3

Potential................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28

8.4

Certification...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

Deployment of UWTs in built environments .............................................................................................................................................................................31

9.1

Issues to consider ................................................................................................................................................................................................................31

9.2

Rules of thumb regarding the location choice ......................................................................................................................................................................32

9.3

Communication ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................34

9.4

Environmental effects...........................................................................................................................................................................................................35

Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................36

Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................39

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: