Seismic Analysis Of Cantilever Retaining Walls, Phase I Erdcitl Tr-02-3.pdf

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Earthquake Engineering Research Program
Seismic Analysis of Cantilever Retaining
Walls, Phase I
Russell A. Green and Robert M. Ebeling
September 2002
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, pub-
lication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does
not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of
such commercial products.
The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other
authorized documents.
PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
 
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Earthquake Engineering
Research Program
ERDC/ITL TR-02-3
September 2002
Seismic Analysis of Cantilever Retaining
Walls, Phase I
by
Russell A. Green
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125
Robert M. Ebeling
Information Technology Laboratory
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
Final report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Prepared for
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Under
Work Unit 387-9456h
University of Michigan
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................. vii
1—Introduction ......................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................1
1.2 Background...............................................................................................2
1.3 Research Objective ...................................................................................5
1.4 Research into the Seismic Response of a Cantilever Retaining Wall ......5
1.5 Organization of Report .............................................................................7
1.6 Future Work..............................................................................................7
2—Selection of Design Ground Motion ................................................................8
2.1 Selection Criteria ......................................................................................8
2.1.1 Real versus synthetic earthquake motion ........................................8
2.1.2 Representative magnitude and site-to-source distance ....................9
2.1.3 Site characteristics of motion ..........................................................9
2.2 List of Candidate Motions ......................................................................10
2.3 Characteristics of Ground Motion Selected ............................................10
2.4 Processing of the Selected Ground Motion ............................................12
3—Numerical Analysis of Cantilever Retaining Wall .........................................14
3.1 Overview of FLAC .................................................................................14
3.2 Retaining Wall Model.............................................................................16
3.3 Numerical Model Parameters..................................................................19
3.3.1 Mohr-Coulomb model ...................................................................19
3.3.2 Structural elements ........................................................................21
3.3.3 Interface elements..........................................................................22
3.3.4 Dimensions of finite difference zones ...........................................26
3.3.5 Damping ........................................................................................28
3.4 Summary .................................................................................................29
4—FLAC Data Reduction Discussion of Results ................................................30
4.1 Data Reduction .......................................................................................30
4.1.1 Determination of forces assuming constant-stress distribution .....31
iii
 
4.1.2 Determination of forces assuming linearly varying stress
distribution ....................................................................................32
4.1.3 Incremental dynamic forces ..........................................................30
4.1.4 Reaction height of forces...............................................................34
4.2 Presentation and Discussion of Reduced Data........................................35
4.2.1 Total resultant forces and points of action ....................................35
4.2.2 Ratio of total resultant forces and points of action........................42
4.2.3 Incremental resultant forces and points of action..........................42
4.2.4 Permanent relative displacement of the wall .................................45
4.2.5 Deformed grid of the wall-soil system, post shaking ....................47
4.3 Conclusions.............................................................................................49
References ............................................................................................................51
Appendix A: Static Design of the Cantilever Retaining Wall............................A1
Appendix B: Notation, Sign Convention, and Earth Pressure Expressions ....... B1
Appendix C: Displacement-Controlled Design Procedure................................. C1
Appendix D: Specifying Ground Motions in FLAC ..........................................D1
Appendix E: Notation......................................................................................... E1
SF 298
List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Typical Corps cantilever wall, including structural and
driving wedges .............................................................................1
Figure 1-2. Earth retaining structures typical of Corps projects.....................3
Figure 1-3. Loads acting on the structural wedge of a cantilever
retaining wall ...............................................................................6
Figure 2-1. Acceleration time-history and 5 percent damped pseudo-
acceleration spectrum, scaled to 1-g pga ...................................11
Figure 2-2. Husid plot of SG3351 used for determining duration of
strong shaking ............................................................................11
Figure 2-3. Selected ground motion (a) recorded motion SG3351and
(b) the processed motion used as input into the base of
the FLAC model ........................................................................13
Figure 3-1. Basic explicit calculation cycle used in FLAC ..........................15
iv

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