Jones - Artificial Intelligence - A Systems Approach (Infinity, 2008).pdf

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INTELLIGENCE
A Systems Approach
M. TIM JONES
INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC
Hingham, Massachusetts
New Delhi
ARTIFICIAL
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Copyright 2008 by INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC
All rights reserved.
This publication, portions of it, or any accompanying software may not be reproduced in any way, stored in a retrieval
system of any type, or transmitted by any means or media, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to,
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Publisher: DAVID PALLAI
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
M. Tim Jones. Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach
ISBN: 978-0-9778582-3-1
The publisher recognizes and respects all marks used by companies, manufacturers, and developers
as a means to distinguish their products. All brand names and product names mentioned in this
book are trademarks or service marks of their respective companies. Any omission or misuse (of any
kind) of service marks or trademarks, etc. is not an attempt to infringe on the property of others.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
JONES, M. TIM.
Artificial intelligence : a systems approach / M. Tim Jones.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9778582-3-1 (hardcover with cd-rom : alk. paper)
1. Artificial intelligence--Data processing. 2. Artificial intelligence--Mathematical models. I. Title.
Q336.J68 2008
006.3--dc22
2007045869
7 8 9 0 4 3 2 1
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problem, and send the information to I NFINITY S CIENCE P RESS , 11 Leavitt Street, Hingham, MA 02043.
The sole obligation of I NFINITY S CIENCE P RESS to the purchaser is to replace the disc, based on defective
materials or faulty workmanship, but not based on the operation or functionality of the product.
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D EDICATION
This book is dedicated to my wonderful wife, Jill, without whom this book would not be
possible. I’m also indebted to my parents Maury and Celeta, who instilled in me a desire to
learn and wonder.
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A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
At the time of this writing, AI is celebrating its 50 th anniversary. It was August of 1956 when
researchers met at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence with
the agenda of creating intelligent machines. In the 50 years that followed, AI has become a
genuine field of study, but the road has not been without its bumps.
Acknowledging all those who’ve contributed to AI would fill a book much larger than
this. But I’d like to personally recognize John McCarthy for introducing AI in 1955 (at the
Dartmouth Summer Project) and for having created the wonderful Lisp programming
language.
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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
Chapter 1 The History of AI
1-19
What is Intelligence?
1
The Search for Mechanical Intelligence
2
The Very Early Days (the early 1950’s)
3
Alan Turing
3
AI, Problem Solving and Games
4
Artificial Intelligence Emerges as a Field
5
The Dartmouth AI Summer Research Project
5
Building Tools for AI
6
The Focus on Strong AI
6
Constrained Applications
7
Bottom-Up Approaches Emerge
7
AI’s Winter
8
Results-Oriented Applications
8
Additional AI Tools Emerge
9
Neat vs. Scruffy Approaches
9
AI Remerges
10
The Silent Return
10
Messy and Scruffy Approaches Take Hold
10
Agent Systems
12
AI Inter-disciplinary R&D
12
Systems Approach
13
Overview of this Book
15
Uninformed Search
15
Informed Search
15
AI and Games
15
Knowledge Representation
16
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