Gramatyka języka chorwackiego.pdf

(1366 KB) Pobierz
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (BCS)
A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian,
and Croatian
by Wayles Brown and Theresa Alt
© SEELRC 2004
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to many teachers, colleagues, friends and other speakers
who helped us over the years; particularly to the late Prof. Rudolf Filipović who
brought us into contact with most of these valued people. He organized the
contrastive grammar projects, which we both worked on in Zagreb, and directed
W. Browne’s thesis. We further thank Milka Ivić and the late Pavle Ivić,
professors under whom W. Browne earlier studied in Novi Sad.
We thank Grace Fielder for inviting us to create the present site for
inclusion in the University of North Carolina/Duke University series; Edna
Andrews, head of the Slavic and East European Language Resource Center;
Troy Williams, both Slavist and computer expert, and his colleague Cal Wright at
the Center who both did valiant work converting our archaic fonts into universally-
readable .pdf format.
Bernard Comrie and Greville Corbett kindly invited W. Browne to write the
Serbo-Croat chapter (Browne 1993) for their book The Slavonic Languages.
Much of this web publication stems from Browne 1993, but has been rewritten for
clarity and simplicity. Most of what Browne 1993 said about accents, language
history and dialects is not used here, so those interested will still need to look
there. This text also includes material that did not fit into Browne 1993 because
of length limits. Finally, this text includes much new material.
Material of all these sorts has been checked against the Oslo Bosnian
corpus at http://www.tekstlab.uio.no/Bosnian/Corpus.html and the Croatian
National Corpus at http://www.hnk.ffzg.hr/korpus.htm (see web resources in the
Bibliography), and we hereby express our gratitude to both these corpora.
Our gratitude also goes to Sasha Skenderija of the Cornell Law School
Library for letting us use the Text Samples from his short story “ToFa”.
2
Table of Contents
A i ti s 6
0. Introduction 7
0.1 Geography 7
.2 Hi t y 7
.3 Di l ts 8
0.4 Standard languages 9
1. Sound system 0
1.1 Vowels and consonants 10
1.1.1 Vowels 10
1.1.2 Consonants 12
1.1.3 Alphabets 12
1.2 Accent and vowel length 15
1.2.1 Long and short vowels 15
1.2.2 Accents 15
1.3 Alternations 16
1.3.1 Consonant changes 16
1.3.2 Vowel changes 18
1.3.3 Alternations from later sound changes 19
2. Morphology 1
2.1 Noun, pronoun and adjective endings 21
2.1.1 Categories 21
. . .1 Num s 1
. . .2 C s 1
. . . .1 U s f the cases 21
. . . .2 ew r e f rms in l l 8
. . .3 G nders 28
2.1.2 Noun declensions 28
. . .1 Nouns with -a in genitive singular 29
. . . .1 M li e ending nouns 29
. . . .2 N t r -o / -e ending nouns 30
. . .2 Nouns with -e in genitive singular 31
. . .3 Nouns with -i in genitive singular 32
. . .4 Nouns declining as adjectives 32
2.1.3 Pronoun declensions 33
. . .1 P onal and reflexive pronouns 33
. . .2 Dem t ti , i e and other pronouns 33
. . .3 'All' 5
. . .4 I t . , em t ti e and interrogative forms 35
2.1.4 Adjectival declensions
36
. . .1 Long and short endings
38
. . .2 S ft tems
8
. . .3 S t and long contrasted
38
. . .4 P i e j ti s
8
. . .5 P i e ti i l s
8
. . .6 Com ti s and superlatives
38
3
...7 As id fom jtis
9
2.1.5 Numeral declensions
39
2.2 Verbal forms
39
2.2.1 Categories expressed
39
...1 iite frms . ompound tenses
39
...2 Simle ts
0
...3 Compound tenses
40
...4 At
1
...5 Vs f mtin
1
...6 Imtie d onditional
42
...7 Atie and passive
42
...8 Nfiite b frm, tiile
3
2.2.2 Conjugation
43
...0 Gl ems about conjugations
43
...1 Pt tenses in -e-
44
...2 Pt tenses in -a-
47
...3 Pt tenses in -i-
48
...4 e b 'to '
9
...5 e b 'to t'
9
...6 e b 'wt, will'
49
2.3 Word formation
50
2.3.1 Major patterns of noun derivation
50
2.3.2 Major patterns of adjective derivation
51
2.3.3 Major patterns of verb derivation
53
. Stx
3
3.1 Element order in declarative sentences
53
3.1.1 Topic-comment structure
53
3.1.2 Adverbs and adverbials
54
3.1.3 Typical subject-verb order
54
3.1.4 Existential verbs
54
3.1.5 Enclitic placement
55
3.1.6 Ordering of elements within noun phrases
56
3.2 Non-declarative sentence types
57
3.2.1 Interrogative sentences
57
3.2.2 Commands
59
3.3 Copular sentences
60
3.4 Coordination
62
3.5 Subordination
64
3.5.1 Complement clauses as subjects or objects
64
3.5.2 Verbal adverbs, verbal noun, participle
66
3.5.3 Relative clauses and their antecedents
67
3.5.4 Relative clauses and order of elements
68
3.6 Negation
9
3.6.1 Sentence negation
69
3.6.2 Negative conjunction 'niti'
69
3.6.3 Agreement in negativity
69
4
3.6.4 Negation and infinitive complements
70
3.6.5 Genitive vs. accusative in negated objects
70
3.6.6 Subject of negated sentences
70
3.7 Using pronouns in discourse
70
3.7.1 Personal pronoun agreement with antecedent
71
3.7.2 Identity of sense vs. identity of reference
71
3.7.3 When personal pronoun cannot be used
71
3.7.4 Demonstratives
71
3.7.5 Antecedents outside of the clause
72
3.7.6 Dropping the personal pronoun
72
3.7.7 Pronoun subjects in complex sentences
73
3.7.8 Short answers
73
3.8 Reflexives and reciprocals
73
3.8.1 Reflexives sebe, se, svoj
73
3.8.2 Reciprocals like jedan drugog
74
3.9 Possession
75
3.9.1 The verb 'to have'
75
3.9.2 The preposition u
76
3.9.3 Dative for possession
76
3.9.4 Genitive for possession
76
3.9.5 Possessive adjective
77
3.9.6 Possessor omitted
77
3.10 Quantification
78
4. The vocabulary
81
4.1 General composition of the word-stock
81
4.2 Patterns of borrowing
81
4.3 Incorporation of borrowings
83
4.4 Lexical fields
84
4.4.1 Color terms
84
4.4.2 Body parts
84
4.4.3 Kinship terms
85
. Dilts
5
. t Samls
9
Biliy
2
Web resources
95
5

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin