Atoms, Radiation and Radiation Protection - J.Turner, Wiley-VCH, 2007.pdf - FIZ Fizyka medyczna. Medical Physics - kf.mtsw

James E. Turner

Atoms, Radiation, and

Radiation Protection

Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition

The Author

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J.E. Turner

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KGaA, Weinheim

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ISBN 978-3-527-40606-7

To Re na t e

VII

Contents

Preface to the First Edition XV

Preface to the Second Edition XVII

Preface to the Third Edition XIX

1 About Atomic Physics and Radiation

1.1 Classical Physics 1

1.2 Discovery of X Rays 1

1.3 Some Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation Physics 3

1.4 Important Dates in Radiation Protection 8

1.5 Sources and Levels of Radiation Exposure 11

1.6 Suggested Reading 12

2 Atomic Structure and Atomic Radiation 15

2.1 The Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900) 15

2.2 The Rutherford Nuclear Atom 18

2.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 19

2.4 Semiclassical Mechanics, 1913–1925 25

2.5 Quantum Mechanics 28

2.6 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 33

2.7 Atomic Theory of the Periodic System 34

2.8 Molecules 36

2.9 Solids and Energy Bands 39

2.10 Continuous and Characteristic X Rays 40

2.11 Auger Electrons 45

2.12 Suggested Reading 47

2.13 Problems 48

2.14 Answers 53

3 The Nucleus and Nuclear Radiation

3.1 Nuclear Structure 55

Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection . James E. Turner

2007

WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

ISBN:

978-3-527-40606-7

VIII

Contents

– ) 65

3.5 Gamma-Ray Emission 68

3.6 Internal Conversion 72

3.7 Orbital Electron Capture 72

3.8 Positron Decay ( β

+ ) 75

3.9 Suggested Reading 79

3.10 Problems 80

3.11 Answers 82

4 Radioactive Decay

4.1 Activity 83

4.2 Exponential Decay 83

4.3 Speciﬁc Activity 88

4.4 Serial Radioactive Decay 89

Secular Equilibrium ( T 1

T 2 ) 89

T 2 ) 91

No Equilibrium ( T 1 < T 2 ) 93

4.5 Natural Radioactivity 96

4.6 Radon and Radon Daughters 97

4.7 Suggested Reading 102

4.8 Problems 103

4.9 Answers 108

General Case 91

Transient Equilibrium ( T 1

Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter

109

5.1 Energy-Loss Mechanisms 109

5.2 Maximum Energy Transfer in a Single Collision 111

5.3 Single-Collision Energy-Loss Spectra 113

5.4 Stopping Power 115

5.5 Semiclassical Calculation of Stopping Power 116

5.6 The Bethe Formula for Stopping Power 120

5.7 Mean Excitation Energies 121

5.8 Table for Computation of Stopping Powers 123

5.9 Stopping Power of Water for Protons 125

5.10 Range 126

5.11 Slowing-Down Time 131

5.12 Limitations of Bethe’s Stopping-Power Formula 132

5.13 Suggested Reading 133

5.14 Problems 134

5.15 Answers 137

3.2 Nuclear Binding Energies 58

3.3 Alpha Decay 62

3.4 Beta Decay (

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