Human Body - Just the facts.pdf

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I NFORMATION A T Y OUR F INGERTIPS

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HUMAN

BODY

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This edition published in the United States in 2006 by School Specialty Publishing, a member of the School Specialty Family.

Copyright © ticktock Entertainment Ltd 2005 First published in Great Britain in 2005 by ticktock Media Ltd. Printed in China.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a central retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by

any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, withouth the prior written permission of the publisher.

Written by Steve Parker.

Library of Congress-in-Publication Data is on file with the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:

School Specialty Publishing

8720 Orion Place

Columbus, OH 43240-2111

ISBN 0-7696- 4255-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TTM 11 10 09 08 07 06

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CONTENTS

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK .................................................................................... 4

BODY SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................ 6

• Integumentary • Muscular • Skeletal • Nervous • Sensory

• Respiratory • Circulatory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive

• Hormonal • Lymphatic • Immune

THE SKIN .................................................................................................................................. 8

• Sense of touch • Fingertips • Sweat • Layers of the skin

• Microsensors • Shed skin • Skin thickness • Main tasks of the skin

• Size of the skin

HAIR AND NAILS .................................................................................... 10

• Nail parts • Growth of nails • Hair thickness • Structure of a hair

• Eyebrows • Eyelashes • Growth of hair • Hair life cycle

• Why have hair? • Why have nails?

MUSCLES & MOVEMENT ................................................................................... 12

• Types of muscle • Muscle used for facial expressions

• Inside a muscle • Power of muscles • How muscles work

• Muscle records

THE SKELETON ............................................................................................................... 14

• Size and variation • The coccyx • Cartilage • Bone strength

• Tasks of the skeleton • Number of bones

BONES AND JOINTS ............................................................................................... 16

• Parts of a bone • What a bone contains • Bone records • Ligaments

• Synovial fluid • The knee joint • Different types of joint

• Head movements

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 18

• Parts of the nervous system • Nerve cells • Nerve signals

• Spinal cord • Nerve lengths

THE BRAIN .......................................................................................................................... 20

• The cortex • Energy requirements • Blood supply to the brain

• Brain parts • Size of the brain • Sleep • Left and right

• Brain development through life

EYES AND SIGHT ........................................................................................................ 22

• Parts of the eye • How the eye sees • Cones • Blind spot

• Moving the eye • Blinking

EARS AND HEARING .............................................................................................. 24

• How we hear • Sections of the ear • Bones in the ear • Pitch

• Sense of balance • Stereo hearing • Ear measurements

• The loudness of sounds

NOSE AND TONGUE ................................................................................................ 26

• How we smell • Parts of the nose • Parts of the tongue

• How we taste • Other tasks of the tongue

TEETH AND JAW .......................................................................................................... 28

• Numbers of teeth • Parts of a tooth • Plaque • When teeth grow

• Chewing • Roof of the mouth • Saliva

LUNGS AND BREATHING .................................................................................. 30

• Size and shape of the lungs • Gases used • Breathing rates

• Parts of the lungs • The voicebox • Speech

THE HEART ......................................................................................................................... 32

• Parts of the heart • Heart’s blood supply • Heart’s job • The pulse

• Changing pulse rate through life • How the heart works

• Size and shape • Typical day

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 34

• Veins and arteries • Using oxygen • Types of blood vessels

• Size and length of blood vessels • Journey times of blood

• Blood pressure in blood vessels

BLOOD ..................................................................................................................................... 36

• Blood flow • Amount of blood in the body • Blood types

• Red blood cells • What is in blood?

DIGESTION .......................................................................................................................... 38

• The digestive tract • Digestive juices

• Length of food’s journey • Faeces • Stomach

• Appendix • Small intestine • Large intestine

FOOD AND NUTRIENTS ...................................................................................... 40

• Food groups • Daily needs • Carbohydrates • Fats and oils

• Proteins • Fiber • Fruit and vegetables • Vitamins • Minerals

LIVER AND PANCREAS ........................................................................................ 42

• Tasks of the liver • Gall bladder • Bile • Blood supply to the liver

• Liver of young children • Jaundice • Shape of the liver

• Shape of the pancreas

KIDNEYS AND URINARY SYSTEM ......................................................... 44

• Size and shape of kidneys • Parts of the kidney • Nephrons

• Urinary parts • Size of the bladder • Male and female systems

• Filtering the blood

GENES ....................................................................................................................................... 46

• DNA • Chromosomes • Genes • Inherited characteristics

• Genetic fingerprinting • Clones

REPRODUCTION .................................................................. 48

• Size and shape of female reproductive parts

• Female parts • Egg release cycle

• Eggs and sperm • Male parts

• Size and shape of male reproductive parts

STAGES OF LIFE ..................................................... 50

• Growth rates • How an egg is fertilized

• Embryo • Fetus • New baby • Puberty

• Aging

HORMONES ............................................................ 52

• Thyroid • Parathyroid

• Pituitary • Pancreas • Thymus

• Adrenals • Adrenaline

• Other hormone making parts

LYMPH AND IMMUNE

SYSTEMS ................................................................ 54

• Lymph nodes • Lymph fluid • Lymphocytes

• How the immune system works

• Types of immunity

DISEASES AND MEDICINES ....................... 56

• Types of medicines • Medical drugs

• Causes of illness and disease • Bacteria

• Viruses • Protists • Microfungi

• Medical specialists

GLOSSARY .................................................................... 58

INDEX ................................................................................. 60

3

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