Arduino - Reference.pdf

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Arduino - Reference
Language Reference
See the extended reference for more advanced features of the Arduino languages and the libraries page for interfacing
with particular types of hardware.
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure , values (variables and constants), and functions . The Arduino
language is based on C/C++.
Structure
Functions
An Arduino program run in two parts:
Digital I/O
void setup ()
void loop ( )
pinMode ( pin, mode)
digitalWrite ( pin, value)
int digitalRead ( pin)
setup() is preparation, and loop() is execution. In the setup
section, always at the top of your program, you would set
pinModes , initialize serial communication, etc. The loop
section is the code to be executed -- reading inputs,
triggering outputs, etc.
Analog I/O
int analogRead (pin)
analogWrite (pin, value) - PWM
Advanced I/O
shiftOut (dataPin, clockPin, bitOrder, value)
unsigned long pulseIn ( pin, value)
Control Structures
Time
if
if...else
for
while
break
unsigned long millis ( )
delay (ms)
Math
min (x, y)
max ( x, y)
abs ( x)
constrain (x, a, b)
map ( value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)
pow (base, exponent)
sqrt (x)
Further Syntax
; (semicolon)
{} (curly braces)
// (single line comment)
/* */ (multi-line comment)
Trigonometry
sin (rad)
cos (rad)
tan (rad)
Arithmetic Operators
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
% (modulo)
Random Numbers
randomSeed (seed)
long random (max)
long random (min, max)
Comparison Operators
Serial Communication
Used for communication between the Arduino board and a
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== (equal to)
!= (not equal to)
< (less than)
> (greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to)
computer or other devices. This communication happens via
the Arduino board's serial or USB connection and on digital
pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Thus, if you use these functions,
you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital i/o.
Boolean Operators
&& (and)
|| (or)
! (not)
Compound Operators
Didn't find something? Check the extended reference or
the libraries .
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
+= (compound addition)
-= (compound subtraction)
*= (compound multiplication)
/= (compound division)
Variables
Variables are expressions that you can use in programs to
store values, such as a sensor reading from an analog pin.
Constants
Constants are particular values with specific meanings.
Data Types
Variables can have various types, which are described below.
Reference
Corrections, suggestions, and new documentation should be posted to the Forum .
The text of the Arduino reference is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License . Code samples in
the reference are released into the public domain.
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Arduino Reference (extended)
The Arduino language is based on C/C++ and supports all standard C constructs and some C++ features. It links against AVR
Libc and allows the use of any of its functions; see its user manual for details.
Structure
Functions
In Arduino, the standard program entry point (main) is
defined in the core and calls into two functions in a sketch.
setup() is called once, then loop() is called repeatedly
(until you reset your board).
Digital I/O
pinMode ( pin, mode)
digitalWrite ( pin, value)
int digitalRead ( pin)
void setup ()
void loop ( )
Analog I/O
Control Structures
int analogRead (pin)
analogWrite (pin, value) - PWM
if
if...else
for
while
break
Advanced I/O
shiftOut (dataPin, clockPin, bitOrder, value)
unsigned long pulseIn ( pin, value)
Time
unsigned long millis ( )
delay (ms)
Further Syntax
Math
; (semicolon)
{} (curly braces)
// (single line comment)
/* */ (multi-line comment)
min (x, y)
max ( x, y)
abs ( x)
constrain (x, a, b)
map ( value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)
pow (base, exponent)
sqrt (x)
Arithmetic Operators
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
% (modulo)
Trigonometry
sin (rad)
cos (rad)
tan (rad)
Comparison Operators
Random Numbers
== (equal to)
!= (not equal to)
< (less than)
> (greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to)
randomSeed (seed)
long random (max)
long random (min, max)
External Interrupts
attachInterrupt (interrupt, function, mode)
detachInterrupt (interrupt)
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Boolean Operators
Interrupts
&& (and)
|| (or)
! (not)
Serial Communication
Pointer Access Operators
Bitwise Operators
& (bitwise and)
| (bitwise or)
^ (bitwise xor)
~ (bitwise not)
<< (bitshift left)
>> (bitshift right)
Compound Operators
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
+= (compound addition)
-= (compound subtraction)
*= (compound multiplication)
/= (compound division)
&= (compound bitwise and)
|= (compound bitwise or)
Variables
Constants
Data Types
Variable Scope & Qualifiers
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Utilities
cast (cast operator)
sizeof ( ) (sizeof operator)
Reference
Corrections, suggestions, and new documentation should be posted to the Forum .
The text of the Arduino reference is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License . Code samples in
the reference are released into the public domain.
268029281.005.png

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