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F r o m
Dictatorship
t o
Democracy
A Conceptual Framework for Liberation
Fourth U.s. edition
Gene sharp
the albert einstein institution
451618441.001.png
All material appearing in this
publication is in the public domain and
may be reproduced without
permission from Gene Sharp.
Citation of the source, and notiication to the
Albert Einstein Institution for the reproduction,
translation, and reprinting of this publication, are appreciated.
First Edition, May 2002
Second Edition, June 2003
Third Edition, February 2008
Fourth Edition, May 2010
From Dictatorship to Democracy was originally published in Bangkok
in 1993 by the Committee for the Restoration of Democracy in Burma
in association with Khit Pyaing ( The New Era Journal ). It has since
been translated into at least thirty-one other languages and has been
published in Serbia, Indonesia, and Thailand, among other countries.
This is the fourth United States Edition.
Printed in the United States of America.
Printed on Recycled Paper.
The Albert Einstein Institution
P.O. Box 455
East Boston, MA 02128, USA
Tel: USA +1 617-247-4882
Fax: USA +1 617-247-4035
ISBN 1-880813-09-2
From Dictatorship to Democracy v
table oF contents
p r e F a c e
viii
o n e
F a c i n g D i c t a t o r s h i p s r e a l i s t i c a l l y
1
A continuing problem
2
Freedom through violence?
4
Coups, elections, foreign saviors?
5
Facing the hard truth
7
t w o
t h e D a n g e r s o F n e g o t i a t i o n s
9
Merits and limitations of negotiations
10
Negotiated surrender?
10
Power and justice in negotiations
12
“Agreeable” dictators
13
What kind of peace?
14
Reasons for hope
14
t h r e e
w h e n c e c o m e s t h e p o w e r ?
17
The “Monkey Master” fable
17
Necessary sources of political power
18
Centers of democratic power
21
F o u r
D i c t a t o r s h i p s h a v e w e a k n e s s e s
25
Identifying the Achilles’ heel
25
Weaknesses of dictatorships
26
Attacking weaknesses of dictatorships
27
F i v e
e x e r c i s i n g p o w e r
29
The workings of nonviolent struggle
30
Nonviolent weapons and discipline
30
vi Gene Sharp
Openness, secrecy, and high standards 33
Shifting power relationships 34
Four mechanisms of change 35
Democratizing effects of political deiance 37
Complexity of nonviolent struggle
38
s i x
t h e n e e D F o r s t r a t e g i c p l a n n i n g
39
Realistic planning
39
Hurdles to planning
40
Four important terms in strategic planning
43
s e v e n
p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g y
47
Choice of means
48
Planning for democracy
49
External assistance
50
Formulating a grand strategy
50
Planning campaign strategies
53
Spreading the idea of noncooperation
55
Repression and countermeasures
56
Adhering to the strategic plan
57
e i g h t
a p p l y i n g p o l i t i c a l D e F i a n c e
59
Selective resistance
59
Symbolic challenge
60
Spreading responsibility
61
Aiming at the dictators’ power
62
Shifts in strategy
64
n i n e
D i s i n t e g r a t i n g t h e D i c t a t o r s h i p
67
Escalating freedom
69
Disintegrating the dictatorship
70
Handling success responsibly
71
From Dictatorship to Democracy vii
t e n
g r o u n D w o r k F o r D u r a b l e D e m o c r a c y
73
Threats of a new dictatorship
73
Blocking coups
74
Constitution drafting
75
A democratic defense policy
76
A meritorious responsibility
76
a p p e n D i x o n e
t h e m e t h o D s o F n o n v i o l e n t a c t i o n
79
a p p e n D i x t w o
a c k n o w l e D g e m e n t s a n D n o t e s o n
t h e h i s t o r y o F F r o m D i c t a t o r s h i p t o D e m o c r a c y
87
a p p e n D i x t h r e e
a n o t e a b o u t t r a n s l a t i o n s a n D
r e p r i n t i n g o F t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n
91
F o r F u r t h e r r e a D i n g
93

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