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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF

A FRICAN H ISTORY

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BOARD OF ADVISORS

Jacob F. Ade Ajayi

Professor Emeritus, Department of History

University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Shula Marks

Professor Emeritus

School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England

David M. Anderson

St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford, England

John Middleton

Guy Arnold

Writer and lecturer, London, England

Suzanne Miers

Professor Emeritus, Department of History

Ohio University, Athens

A. Adu Boahen

Professor Emeritus, Department of History

University of Ghana

Malyn Newitt

Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies

King’s College (London, England)

Philip L. Bonner

Department of History

University of Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa

Bethwell A. Ogot

Institute of Research and Postgraduate Studies

Maseno University College, Kenya

Michael Brett

Department of History

School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England

Roland Oliver

Emeritus, University of London

Jack D. Parson

Department of Political Science

College of Charleston, South Carolina

Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch

Laboratoire Sociétés en development dans l’espace et les temps

Université de Paris VII–Denis Diderot, France

Neil Parsons

Department of History

University of Botswana

John Fage†

Centre for West African Studies, University of Birmingham

Toyin Falola

Department of History

University of Texas, Austin

John Peel

Department of Anthropology and Sociology

School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England

Richard Gray

Emeritus, University of London

David W. Phillipson

Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

University of Cambridge, England

Mark Horton

Department of Archaeology

University of Bristol, England

Richard Rathbone

Department of History

School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England

David Kiyaga-Mulindwa

University of Makerere (Uganda)

Andrew Roberts

Emeritus, University of London

Nehemia Levtzion

Department of History

Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Jan Vansina

Professor Emeritus, Department of History

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Paul E. Lovejoy

Department of History

University of York, Toronto, Canada

Joseph O. Vogel

Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Mahmood Mamdani

Department of Anthropology

Columbia University, New York

Tom Young

Department of Political Studies

School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England

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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF

A FRICAN H ISTORY

VOLUME 1

A–G

Kevin Shillington, Editor

Fitzroy Dearborn

An Imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

New York • London

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Published in 2005 by

Fitzroy Dearborn

Taylor & Francis Group

270 Madison Avenue

New York, NY 10016

Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, a Division of T&F Informa.

Fitzroy Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the publishers.

10987654321

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of African history / Kevin Shillington, editor.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-57958-245-1 (alk. paper)

1. Africa—History—Encyclopedias. I. Shillington, Kevin.

DT20.E53 2004

960’.03—dc22

2004016779

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