Carbon nanotube - Properties and applications 2006 - Conell.pdf - Supramolecular - ziolek6661

Carbon Nanotubes

Edited by

Michael J. O’Connell, Ph.D.

Senior Research Scientist, Theranos, Inc.

Menlo Park, California

Boca Raton London New York

CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,

an informa business

Properties and Applications

Published in 2006 by

CRC Press

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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2748-2 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2748-3 (Hardcover)

Library of Congress Card Number 2005036354

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Carbon nanotubes : properties and applications / editor Michael

O'Connell.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-2748-3 (hardcover)

ISBN-10: 0-8493-2748-2 (hardcover)

1. Carbon. 2. Nanostructured materials. 3. Tubes. I. O'Connell, Michael (Michael J.)

TA455.C3C374 2006

620.1'93--dc22

2005036354

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Preface

In 1985, a molecule called buckminsterfullerene was discovered by a group

of researchers at Rice University. This molecule consisted of 60 carbon atoms

in sp 2 hybridized bonds arranged in a surprisingly symmetric fashion. The

Nobel Prize was awarded to Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, and Harry Kroto

for their discovery of this new allotrope of carbon. This discovery was

groundbreaking for the now vibrant ﬁeld of carbon nanotechnology.

Carbon nanotubes, discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima, are members of

the fullerene family. Their morphology is considered equivalent to a

graphene sheet rolled into a seamless tube capped on both ends. Single-

walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have diameters on the order of single-

digit nanometers, and their lengths can range from tens of nanometers to

several centimeters. SWNTs also exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties

ideal for applications in reinforced composite materials and nanoelectrome-

chanical systems (NEMS): Young’s modulus is over 1 TPa and the tensile

strength is an estimated 200 GPa. Additionally, SWNTs have very interesting

band structures. Depending on the atomic arrangement of the carbon atoms

making up the nanotube (chirality), the electronic properties can be metallic

or semiconducting in nature, making it possible to create nanoelectronic

devices, circuits, and computers using SWNTs.

This book introduces carbon nanotubes and the science used to investi-

gate them. The ﬁeld is progressing at staggering rates, with thousands of

publications appearing in the literature each year. The current progress and

the applications SWNTs have found use in are particularly impressive, since

the existence of the fullerenes has only been known for 20 years. This book

is a great resource for anyone new to carbon nanotube research. It can also

introduce the experienced researcher to subjects outside his or her area of

study. The book assumes that the reader has a basic understanding of chem-

istry and physics. I hope that high school students and undergraduates may

stumble upon this book, ﬁnd the inspiration to study science, and pursue a

career in nanotechnology research.

This book was written by many expert carbon nanotube researchers. The

book does not build information sequentially, but rather each chapter can

be read as a mini-book of its particular subject. I encourage the reader to

explore this book in the order of subject matter interest.

This book begins with an introduction and history of carbon nanotubes.

The introduction was written by Frank Hennrich, Candace Chan, Valerie

Moore, Marco Rolandi, and Mike O’Connell. Frank Hennrich received his

Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Karlsruhe University based on his work

on the producing and characterizing of fullerenes and SWNTs. His main

interests at his current position in the Institute of Nanotechnology (Research

Center Karlsruhe) include Raman spectroscopy, nanotube separations, and

nanotube electronic devices. Candace Chan received a B.S. in chemistry from

Rice University, where she worked on SWNT cutting and functionalization.

She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University as a National Science

Foundation Fellow and Stanford Graduate Fellow in the departments of

chemistry and materials science and engineering. Her current research inter-

ests are synthesizing new nanowire materials and incorporating them into

memory, electronic, and sensor devices. Valerie Moore recently completed

her Ph.D. in chemistry at Rice University in the areas of characterization and

application of colloidal SWNT suspensions and novel methods toward (n,

m)-selective SWNT growth. She holds a B.S. in chemistry from Centenary

College of Louisiana, where she was able to conduct undergraduate research

at NASA Glenn Research Center on carbon nanotube growth in ﬂames.

Marco Rolandi recently received his Ph.D. in applied physics from Stanford

University, where he characterized carbon nanotubes using Raman spectro-

scopy. He also holds an M.Sci. in physics from Queen Mary and Westﬁeld

College, University of London.

Following the introduction is a discussion on the various ways to syn-

thesize carbon nanotubes, written by David Mann and Mike O’Connell.

While SWNTs had been discovered as a by-product in 1991, they were not

controllably synthesized until 1993. David Mann is busy completing a Ph.D.

in applied physics from Stanford University, where he conducts research on

nanotubes covering a wide variety of topics, including novel synthesis meth-

ods as well as electrical and thermal characterization. He received a B.S. in

physics from Harvey Mudd College.

The next chapter is about another type of nanotube material synthesis.

Satishkumar B. Chikkannanavar, Brian W. Smith, and David E. Luzzi look

at the carbon nanotube as a volume of space capable of transporting or

containing other materials inside. These amazing structures, commonly

known as peapods, have interesting properties and great potential in many

useful applications. Satishkumar B. Chikkannanavar ﬁnished his undergrad-

uate from Karnataka University and Ph.D. at Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore. He did his postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylva-

nia, working on carbon nanotubes and fullerene hybrid materials, and cur-

rently he is at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. His research interests

include near-infrared optical characteristics of carbon nanotubes, optical

sensing of biomolecules, and device applications. Brian W. Smith received

his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Pennsylvania, where

he was instrumental in the discovery, synthesis, and characterization of

carbon nanotube peapod materials. He is currently a member of the technical

staff at the Fox Chase Cancer Center (Philadelphia). His research program

is focused on applications of nanotechnology in cancer treatment, speciﬁcally

in the area of radioimmunotherapy. David E. Luzzi received his Ph.D. in

materials science and engineering from Northwestern University in 1986.

His Luzzi Research Group at the University of Pennsylvania synthesizes

novel nanoscale materials based primarily on SWNTs, and his research

interest includes structure and properties of carbon nanotubes, interface in

structural materials, and mechanical properties of Laves phases.

The next few chapters discuss the properties of SWNTs. Marcus Freitag

begins with the description of the electronic properties and band structure

of nanotubes, and then moves on to the electronic properties of devices

made with SWNTs. Marcus Freitag is a research staff member at the IBM

T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. He received

his Diplom degree at the University of Tuebingen, Germany, his M.S. at the

University of Massachusetts, and his Ph.D. in physics at the University of

Pennsylvania. He joined IBM’s research division in 2004 after 2 years of

postdoctoral work with Carbon Nanotechnologies. His research is focused

on electronic transport and electro-optic interactions in carbon nanotubes.

Carbon nanotubes can be paramagnetic or diamagnetic depending on

their chirality. Junichiro Kono and Stephan Roche cover the magnetic prop-

erties of nanotubes. Junichiro Kono currently serves as an associate professor

of electrical and computer engineering at Rice University. His research inter-

ests include optical studies of low-dimensional solids and nanostructures;

spintronics, opto-spintronics, and optical quantum information processing;

nonlinear, ultrafast, and quantum optics in solids; physical phenomena in

ultrahigh magnetic ﬁelds; and physics and applications of terahertz phe-

nomena in semiconductors. He holds a Ph.D. in physics from the State

University of New York–Buffalo and an M.S. and B.S. in applied physics

from the University of Tokyo. Stephan Roche completed his Ph.D. at French

CNRS in 1996. He worked as an EU research fellow in the department of

applied physics at Tokyo University, Japan, and in the department of theo-

retical physics at Valladolid University, Spain, before being appointed

as assistant professor at the University of Grenoble. He is now research

staff of the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique in Grenoble, focusing on

charge transport in nanoelectronics and mesoscopic systems from a theoret-

ical perspective.

The next chapter discusses using Raman spectroscopy to probe the elec-

tronic and chemical behavior of SWNTs. This chapter was written by Stephen

K. Doorn, Daniel Heller, Monica Usrey, Paul Barone, and Michael S. Strano.

Stephen K. Doorn received his B.S. in chemistry (with honors) from the

University of Wisconsin and holds a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from North-

western University. He is currently a technical staff member in the chemistry

division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His research efforts are focused

on spectroscopic materials characterization and fundamental studies and bio-

sensor applications of nanoparticle assemblies. His speciﬁc interests in carbon

nanotubes include fundamental spectroscopy, separations, redox chemistry,

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