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CHAPTER 5
NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS
T. H. Bassford
Jim Hosier
Inco Alloys International, Inc.
Huntington, West Virginia
5.1 INTRODUCTION
71
5.5 HEATTREATMENT
84
5.5.1 Reducing Atmosphere
84
5.5.2 Prepared Atmosphere
85
5.2 NICKELALLOYS
72
5.2.1 Classification of Alloys
72
5.2.2 Discussion and Applications
72
5.6 WELDING
86
5.3 CORROSION
80
5.7 MACHINING
86
5.4 FABRICATION
82
5.8 CLOSURE
88
5.4.1 Resistance to Deformation
82
5.4.2 Strain Hardening
82
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Nickel, the 24th element in abundance, has an average content of 0.016% in the outer 10 miles of
the earth's crust. This is greater than the total for copper, zinc, and lead. However, few of these
deposits scattered throughout the world are of commercial importance. Oxide ores commonly called
laterites are largely distributed in the tropics. The igneous rocks contain high magnesium contents
and have been concentrated by weathering. Of the total known ore deposits, more than 80% is
contained in laterite ores. The sulfide ores found in the northern hemispheres do not easily concentrate
by weathering. The sulfide ores in the Sudbury district of Ontario, which contain important by-
products such as copper, cobalt, iron, and precious metals are the world's greatest single source of
nickel. 1
Nickel has an atomic number of 28 and is one of the transition elements in the fourth series in
the periodic table. The atomic weight is 58.71 and density is 8.902 g/cm 3 . Useful properties of the
element are the modulus of elasticity and its magnetic and magnetostrictive properties, and high
thermal and electrical conductivity. Hydrogen is readily adsorbed on the surface of nickel. Nickel
will also adsorb other gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ethylene. It is this ca-
pability of surface adsorption of certain gases without forming stable compounds that makes nickel
an important catalyst. 2
As an alloying element, nickel is used in hardenable steels, stainless steels, special corrosion-
resistant and high-temperature alloys, copper-nickel, "nickel-silvers," and aluminum-nickel. Nickel
imparts ductility and toughness to cast iron.
Approximately 10% of the total annual production of nickel is consumed by electroplating pro-
cesses. Nickel can be electrodeposited to develop mechanical properties of the same order as wrought
nickel; however, special plating baths are available that will yield nickel deposits possessing a hard-
ness as high as 450 Vickers (425 BHN). The most extensive use of nickel plate is for corrosion
protection of iron and steel parts and zinc-base die castings used in the automotive field. For these
applications, a layer of nickel, 0.0015-0.003 in. thick, is used. This nickel plate is then finished or
covered with a chromium plate consisting in thickness of about 1% of the underlying nickel plate
thickness in order to maintain a brilliant, tarnish-free, hard exterior surface.
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 2nd ed., Edited by Myer Kutz.
ISBN 0-471-13007-9 © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
815049012.003.png 815049012.004.png
5.2 NICKELALLOYS
Most of the alloys listed and discussed are in commercial production. However, producers from time
to time introduce improved modifications that make previous alloys obsolete. For this reason, or
economic reasons, they may remove certain alloys from their commercial product line. Some of these
alloys have been included to show how a particular composition compares with the strength or
corrosion resistance of currently produced commercial alloys.
5.2.1 Classification of Alloys
Nickel and its alloys can be classified into the following groups on the basis of chemical composition. 3
Nickel
(1) Pure nickel, electrolytic (99.56% Ni), carbonyl nickel powder and pellet (99.95% Ni); (2) com-
mercially pure wrought nickel (99.6-99.97% nickel); and (3) anodes (99.3% Ni).
Nickel and Copper
(1) Low-nickel alloys (2-13% Ni); (2) cupronickels (10-30% Ni); (3) coinage alloy (25% Ni); (4)
electrical resistance alloy (45% Ni); (5) nonmagnetic alloys (up to 60% Ni); and (6) high-nickel
alloys, Monel (over 50% Ni).
Nickel and Iron
Wrought alloy steels (0.5-9% Ni); (2) cast alloy steels (0.5-9% Ni); (3) alloy cast irons (1-6 and
14-36% Ni); (4) magnetic alloys (20-90% Ni): (a) controlled coefficient of expansion (COE) alloys
(29.5-32.5% Ni) and (b) high-permeability alloys (49-80% Ni); (5) nonmagnetic alloys (10-20%
Ni); (6) clad steels (5-40% Ni); (7) thermal expansion alloys: (a) low expansion (36-50% Ni) and
(b) selected expansion (22-50% Ni).
Iron, Nickel, and Chromium
(1) Heat-resisting alloys (40-85% Ni); (2) electrical resistance alloys (35-60% Ni); (3) iron-base
superalloys (9-26% Ni); (4) stainless steels (2-25% Ni); (5) valve steels (2-13% Ni); (6) iron-base
superalloys (0.2-9% Ni); (7) maraging steels (18% Ni).
Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum, and Iron
(1) Nickel-base solution-strengthened alloys (40-70% Ni); (2) nickel-base precipitation-strengthened
alloys (40-80% Ni).
Powder-Metallurgy Alloys
(1) Nickel-base dispersion strengthened (78-98% Ni); (2) nickel-base mechanically alloyed oxide-
dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys (69-80% Ni).
The nominal chemical composition of nickel-base alloys is given in Table 5.1. This table does
not include alloys with less than 30% Ni, cast alloys, or welding products. For these and those alloys
not listed, the chemical composition and applicable specifications can be found in the Unified Num-
bering System for Metals and Alloys, published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
5.2.2 Discussion and Applications
The same grouping of alloys used in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, which give chemical composition and
mechanical properties, will be used for discussion of the various attributes and uses of the alloys as
a group. Many of the alloy designations are registered trademarks of producer companies.
Nickel Alloys
The corrosion resistance of nickel makes it particularly useful for maintaining product purity in the
handling of foods, synthetic fibers, and caustic alkalies, and also in structural applications where
resistance to corrosion is a prime consideration. It is a general-purpose material used when the special
properties of the other nickel alloys are not required. Other useful features of the alloy are its magnetic
and magnetostrictive properties; high thermal and electrical conductivity; low gas content; and low
vapor pressure. 4
Typical nickel 200 applications are food-processing equipment, chemical shipping drums, electri-
cal and electronic parts, aerospace and missile components, caustic handling equipment and piping,
and transducers.
Nickel 201 is preferred to nickel 200 for applications involving exposure to temperatures above
316 0 C (60O 0 F). Nickel 201 is used as coinage, plater bars, and combustion boats in addition to some
of the applications for Nickel 200.
Permanickel alloy 300 by virtue of the magnesium content is age-hardenable. But, because of its
low alloy content, alloy 300 retains many of the characteristics of nickel. Typical applications are
815049012.005.png
Table 5.1 Nonimal Chemical Composition (wt%)
Other
Elements
Material
Ni
Cu
Fe
Cr
Mo
Al
Ti
Nb
Mn
Si
C
Nickel
Nickel 200
Nickel 201
Permanickel alloy 300
Duranickel alloy 301
Nickel-Copper
Monel alloy 400
Monel alloy 404
Monel alloy R-405
Monel alloy K-500
Nickel-Chromium-Iron
Inconel alloy 600
Inconel alloy 601
Inconel alloy 690
Inconel alloy 706
Inconel alloy 718
Inconel alloy X-750
Nickel-Iron-Chromium
Incoloy alloy 800
Incoloy alloy 80OH
Incoloy alloy 825
Incoloy alloy 925
Pyromet 860
Refractaloy 26
Nickel— Iron
NiIo alloy 36
NiIo alloy 42
Ni-Span-C alloy 902
Incoloy alloy 903
Incoloy alloy 907
99.6
99.7
98.7
94.3
0.23
0.23
0.11
0.25
0.07
0.01
0.29
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.50
0.02
0.08
0.49
0.44
0.38 Mg
4.44
65.4
54.6
65.3
65.0
32
45.3
31.6
30
1.00
0.03
1.25
0.64
1.0
0.01
1.0
0.70
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.17
0.10
0.04
0.17
0.12
0.1
2.94
0.04 S
0.48
76
60.5
60
41.5
53.5
73
0.25
0.50
8.0
14.1
9.0
40
18.5
7
15.5
23.0
30
16
19
15.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
1.35
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.5
0.70
1.8
0.9
2.5
3
5.1
1
0.18
0.18
0.50
0.18
3.0
0.25
31
31
42
43.2
44
38
0.38
0.38
1.75
1.8
46
46
30
28
BaI
BaI
20
20
22.5
21
13
18
0.38
0.38
0.10
0.35
1.0
0.2
0.38
0.38
0.90
2.10
3.0
2.6
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.60
0.25
0.8
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.22
0.10
1.0
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.03
3
3
6
3.2
4.0Co
20Co
36
41.6
42.3
38
37.6
61.5
57.4
48.5
41.5
41.9
0.5
0.5
0.40
0.09
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.50
0.17
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.05
5.33
0.55
0.90
1.5
2.6
1.40
2.9
4.70
14Co
14 Co
0.10
815049012.006.png
Table 5.1 (Continued)
Other
Elements
Material
Ni
Cu
Fe
Cr
Mo
Al
Ti
Nb
Mn
Si
C
Nickel— Chromium— Molybdenum
Hastelloy alloy X BaP
—
19
19.5
5.5
22
22
15.5
9
6.5
16
0.10
<0.05
<0.01
Hastelloy alloy G
BaI
2
2.1
<1
<0.08
1.5
<1
<1 W, <2.5 Co
2.5 Co, 4 W,
0.35 V
<2Co
12.5 Co
Hastelloy alloy C-276
BaI
—
Hastelloy alloy C
BaI
—
<3
16
22
21.5
19
19
14
15.5
9
9
10
10
3.5
<0.7
<0.08
<1
<0.01
0.07
0.03
0.15
0.09
0.15
Inconel alloy 617
54
—
1
<0.4
1
1.5
3.5
Inconel alloy 625
BaI
—
2.5
<0.4
2.6
3.1
2.5
3.6
MAR-M-252
BaI
—
<0.5
<0.5
10 Co, 0.005 B
11 Co <0.010B
8 Co, 3.5 W,
0.01 B, 0.05 Zr
15Co
18 Co 0.007 B
12 Co. 1 W,
0.005 B
16 Co. 0.02 B
18.5 Co, 0.025 B
7.2 Co, 8.4 W,
0.008 B, 0.06
Zr
14 Co, 0.006 B,
0.05 Zr
Rene' 41
BaI
—
Rene' 95
BaI
—
3.5
Astroloy
BaI
—
15
19
19
5.3
4
6
4.4
3.0
2.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
0.06
0.08
0.05
Udimet 500
BaI
—
<0.5
Udimet 520
BaI
—
Udimet 600
BaI
—
<4
17
15
16.3
4
5.0
1.6
4.2
4.4
1.9
2.9
3.5
3.2
0.04
0.07
0.24
Udimet 700
BaI
—
Udimet 1753
BaI
—
9.5
0.1
0.05
Waspaloy
BaI
<0.1
<2
19
4.3
1.5
3
0.08
Nickel-Powder Alloys (Dispersion Strengthened)
TD-nickel 98 —
TD-NiCr BaI —
Nickel-Powder Alloys (Mechanically Alloyed)
Inconel alloy MA 754 78
2ThO 2
1.7 ThO 2
20
—
1.0
20
15
0.3
4.5
0.5
2.5
0.05
0.05
0.6 Y 2 O 3
4 W, 2 Ta,
1.1 Y 2 O 3
Inconel alloy
69
—
2
MA 6000
a Minimum.
c Balance.
b Maximum.
815049012.001.png
Table 5.2 Mechanical Properties of Nickel Alloys
0.2%
Yield Strength
(ksi) a
Tensile Strength
(ksi) a
Elongation
(%)
Rockwell
Hardness
Material
Nickel
Nickel 200
Nickel 201
Permanickel alloy 300
Duranickel alloy 301
Nickel-Copper
Monel alloy 400
Monel alloy 404
Monel alloy R-405
Monel alloy K-500
Nickel— Ch romium—Iron
Inconel alloy 600
Inconel alloy 601
Inconel alloy 690
Inconel alloy 706
Inconel alloy 718
Inconel alloy X-750
Nickel-Iron-Chromium
Incoloy alloy 800
Incoloy alloy 80OH
Incoloy alloy 825
Incoloy alloy 925
Pyromet 860
Refractaloy 26
Nickel— Iron
NiIo alloy 42
Ni-Span-C alloy 902
Incoloy alloy 903
Incoloy alloy 907
Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum
Hastelloy alloy X
Hastelloy alloy G
Hastelloy alloy C-276
Inconel alloy 617
Inconel alloy 625
MAR-M-252
Rene' 41
Rene' 95
Astroloy
Udimet 500
Udimet 520
Udimet 600
Udimet 700
Udimet 1753
Waspaloy
21.5
15
38
132
67
58.5
95
185
47
50
30
28
55Rb
45Rb
79Rb
36Rc
73 Rb
68Rb
86Rb
25Rc
31
31
56
111
79
69
91
160
52
40
3 24
50
35
53
158
168
102
112
102
106
193
205
174
41
4 41
21
20
25
90Rb
81 Rb
97Rb
40Rc
46Rc
33Rc
43
52
5 24
21
18
48
29
44
119
115
100
88
81
97
176
180
170
84Rb
72Rb
84Rb
34Rc
37 Rc
37
137
174
163
72
150
198
195
43
12
14
15
80Rb
33Rc
39Rc
42Rc
52
56
51
43
63
122
120
190
152
122
125
132
140
130
115
Nickel-Powder Alloys (Dispersion Strengthened}
TD-Nickel
TD-NiCr
114
103
109
107
140
180
160
235
205
190
190
190
204
194
185
43
48.3
65
70
51
16
18
15
16
32
21
13
17
20
25
86Rb
81 Rb
96Rb
39Rc
45
89
Nickel-Powder Alloys (Mechanically Alloyed)
Inconel alloy MA 754
Inconel alloy MA 6000
a MPa - ksi X 6.895.
65
137
15
20
85
187
140
189
21
3.5
—
815049012.002.png

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