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Applied Animal Endocrinology
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Applied Animal Endocrinology
E. James Squires
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing
CABI Publishing
CAB International
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©CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Squires, E. James
Applied animal endocrinology/E. James Squires.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-594-2 (alk. paper)
1. Veterinary endocrinology. 2. Livestock–Reproduction. I. Title.
SF768.3.S68 2003
636.089´64–dc21
2003003596
ISBN 0 85199 594 2
Typeset by MRM Graphics Ltd, Winslow, Bucks
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
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Contents
Preface
x
xii
xii
xiii
Dedication
xii
Acknowledgements
xii
Abbreviations
xiii
1 Hormone and Receptor Structure and Function
1
1.1 Introduction
1
What is a hormone?
1
Why are hormones necessary?
1
How do hormones function?
2
What effects are due to hormones?
3
How is hormone action selective?
4
Types of hormones
5
Location of endocrine glands
5
1.2 Synthesis, Release and Metabolism of Hormones
5
Synthesis of protein hormones
5
Synthesis of steroid hormones
7
Synthesis of eicosanoids
9
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
11
Hormone release
11
Metabolism and excretion of hormones
12
1.3 Receptors and Hormone Action
13
Extracellular receptors
13
Second messenger systems
14
Adenylate cyclase–cAMP–protein kinase A pathway
14
Guanyl cyclase–cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway
15
Genomic actions of cAMP
16
Calcium-dependent phospholipase C–protein kinase C system
16
Interaction of cAMP and Ca 2+ pathways
18
Tyrosine kinase receptors: catalytic receptors
18
Cytokine receptors
20
Receptor serine kinase
20
Termination of hormone action
20
Intracellular receptors
20
Structural and functional domains of nuclear receptors
22
Binding sites of the hormone–receptor complex on DNA
22
Organization of nuclear chromatin and the nuclear matrix
23
iii
X
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iv
Contents
Chromatin
23
Nuclear matrix
24
Identification of DNA regulatory sequences
25
Identification of DNA-binding proteins
26
Integration of peptide and steroid hormone actions
26
1.4 Pituitary–Hypothalamic Integration of Hormone Action
27
Structure–function relationship of pituitary and hypothalamus
27
Posterior pituitary hormones
28
Anterior pituitary hormones
28
Hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone secretion
29
Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones
30
Control of hormone release
31
Questions for Study and Discussion
32
Further Reading
33
2 Endocrine Methodologies
35
2.1 Methods for Studying Endocrine Function
35
Model systems
35
Whole animal model
35
Isolated organs or tissues
37
In vitro models
38
Use of inhibitors and agonists
39
Use of antibodies
40
Immune response
40
Detection and purification of antibodies
41
Monoclonal antibodies
41
Use of antibodies to identify the site of hormone synthesis or
target tissue
42
2.2 Measurement of Hormones and Receptors
42
Assay of hormones
42
Types of hormone assays
43
Bioassays
43
Chemical assays
44
Liquid chromatography
45
Gas chromatography
46
Electrophoresis
47
Competitive binding assays
47
Assay requirements
47
Measurements of hormone–receptor binding
49
Competition binding
50
2.3 Methods for the Production of Hormones
51
Steroids and non-protein hormones
51
Protein and peptide hormones
52
Determination of amino-acid sequence
53
Peptide and protein synthesis
54
Non-peptide mimics of peptides
55
Production of recombinant proteins
56
2.4 Manipulation of Endocrine Function
57
Hormone delivery methods
57
Types of sustained-release devices
58
Pulsatile release of hormone
59
Hormone residues
60
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