Atoms, Radiation and Radiation Protection 3rd ed - J. Turner (Wiley-VCH, 2007) WW.pdf
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Front Matter
James E. Turner
Atoms, Radiation, and
Radiation Protection
Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition
The Author
All books published by Wiley-VCH are
carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors,
editors, and publisher do not warrant the
information contained in these books,
including this book, to be free of errors.
Readers are advised to keep in mind that
statements, data, illustrations, procedural
details or other items may inadvertently be
inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.:
applied for
J.E. Turner
127 Windham Road
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
USA
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by
the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this
publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic
data are available in the Internet at
<http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, Weinheim
All rights reserved (including those of
translation into other languages). No part of
this book may be reproduced in any form – by
photoprinting, microfilm, or any other
means – nor transmitted or translated into a
machine language without written
permission from the publishers. Registered
names, trademarks, etc. used in this book,
even when not specifically marked as such,
are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Typesetting
VTEX, Vilnius, Lithuania
Printing
betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt
Binding
Litges & Dopf GmbH, Heppenheim
Wiley Bicentennial Logo
Richard J. Pacifico
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
Printedonacid-freepaper
ISBN
978-3-527-40606-7
To Re na t e
VII
Contents
Preface to the First Edition
XV
Preface to the Second Edition
XVII
Preface to the Third Edition
XIX
1 About Atomic Physics and Radiation
1
1.1 Classical Physics
1
1.2 Discovery of X Rays
1
1.3 Some Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation Physics
3
1.4 Important Dates in Radiation Protection
8
1.5 Sources and Levels of Radiation Exposure
11
1.6 Suggested Reading
12
2 Atomic Structure and Atomic Radiation
15
2.1 The Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900)
15
2.2 The Rutherford Nuclear Atom
18
2.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
19
2.4 Semiclassical Mechanics, 1913–1925
25
2.5 Quantum Mechanics
28
2.6 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
33
2.7 Atomic Theory of the Periodic System
34
2.8 Molecules
36
2.9 Solids and Energy Bands
39
2.10 Continuous and Characteristic X Rays
40
2.11 Auger Electrons
45
2.12 Suggested Reading
47
2.13 Problems
48
2.14 Answers
53
3 The Nucleus and Nuclear Radiation
55
3.1 Nuclear Structure
55
Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection
. James E. Turner
Copyright ©
2007
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN:
978-3-527-40606-7
VIII
Contents
–
)
65
3.5 Gamma-Ray Emission
68
3.6 Internal Conversion
72
3.7 Orbital Electron Capture
72
3.8 Positron Decay (
β
β
+
)
75
3.9 Suggested Reading
79
3.10 Problems
80
3.11 Answers
82
4 Radioactive Decay
83
4.1 Activity
83
4.2 Exponential Decay
83
4.3 Specific Activity
88
4.4 Serial Radioactive Decay
89
Secular Equilibrium (
T
1
T
2
)
89
T
2
)
91
No Equilibrium (
T
1
<
T
2
)
93
4.5 Natural Radioactivity
96
4.6 Radon and Radon Daughters
97
4.7 Suggested Reading
102
4.8 Problems
103
4.9 Answers
108
General Case
91
Transient Equilibrium
(
T
1
5
Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter
109
5.1 Energy-Loss Mechanisms
109
5.2 Maximum Energy Transfer in a Single Collision
111
5.3 Single-Collision Energy-Loss Spectra
113
5.4 Stopping Power
115
5.5 Semiclassical Calculation of Stopping Power
116
5.6 The Bethe Formula for Stopping Power
120
5.7 Mean Excitation Energies
121
5.8 Table for Computation of Stopping Powers
123
5.9 Stopping Power of Water for Protons
125
5.10 Range
126
5.11 Slowing-Down Time
131
5.12 Limitations of Bethe’s Stopping-Power Formula
132
5.13 Suggested Reading
133
5.14 Problems
134
5.15 Answers
137
3.2 Nuclear Binding Energies
58
3.3 Alpha Decay
62
3.4 Beta Decay
(
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