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E DUCATION
E NCYCLOPEDIA
A SURVEY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE
SECOND EDITION
V OLUME 1
A–H
W ORLD
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E DUCATION
E NCYCLOPEDIA
A SURVEY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE
SECOND EDITION
V OLUME 1
A–H
REBECCA MARLOW - FERGUSON , EDITOR
W ORLD
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W ORLD E DUCATION
E NCYCLOPEDIA
AS URVEY OF E DUCATIONAL
S YSTEMS W ORLDWIDE
2 ND E DITION
G ALE G ROUP S TAFF
Editor: Rebecca Marlow-Ferguson
All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.
Copyright (c) 2002 by
Gale Group
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Associate Editor: Chris Lopez
Contributing Editors: Jason B. Baldwin, Caryn E. Klebba,
Claire Campana, Dawn Conzett DesJardins, Eric Hoss, Kathleen E.
Maki-Potts, Jane A. Malonis, Christine Maurer, Amanda C. Quick
Gale Group and Design is a trademark used herein under license.
Managing Editor: Erin E. Braun
All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or
in part in any form.
Electronic and Prepress Composition Manager: Mary Beth
Trimper
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without per-
mission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who
wishes to quote brief passages or entries in connection with a
review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper.
Assistant Manager, Composition Purchasing and Electronic
Prepress: Evi Seoud
Buyer: NeKita McKee
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Production Design Manager: Kenn Zorn
World education encyclopedia: a survey of educational systems
worldwide / Rebecca Marlow-Ferguson, editor and project coordi-
nator; Chris Lopez, associate editor.—2nd ed.
Art Director: Jennifer Wahi
Permissions Specialist: Margaret A. Chamberlain
p. cm.
Permissions Manager: Maria Franklin
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Technical Support Services: Wayne D. Fong
Contents: v.1 Afghanistan-Hungary — v.2 Iceland-Rwanda —
v.3 Saint Helena- Zimbabwe.
ISBN 0-7876-5577-5 (set: hardcover: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-
7876-5578-3 (v.1) —
ISBN 0-7876-5579-1 (v.2) — ISBN 0-7876-5580-5 (v.3)
C OPYRIGHT N OTICE
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the
information presented in this publication, Gale Group does not
guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts
no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any
organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual
does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors
brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satis-
faction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
1. Education—Encyclopedias. I. Marlow-Ferguson, Rebecca. II.
Lopez, Chris, 1967-
LB15.W87 2001
370’.3-dc21
2001033159
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable
copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair
competition, and other applicable laws. The authors of this work have
added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or
more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination,
expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
ISBN 0-7876-5577-5 (Set)
ISBN 0-7876-5578-3 (Volume One)
ISBN 0-7876-5579-1 (Volume Two)
ISBN 0-7876-5580-5 (Volume Three)
Printed in the United States of America
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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
V OLUME O NE
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
British Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
C ONTRIBUTOR N OTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
I NTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII
E SSAY C OMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII
F OREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX
A
Afghanistan ..................................1
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Anguilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Antigua and Barbuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Aruba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
C
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Cayman Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Christmas Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Cook Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
B
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
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