Encyklopedia Teatru.pdf

ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ

ɥɩ ɧɜɛɗɡɭɟɟ

ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄɷʖ ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ - ʆɼʇɹʅɼ ʄɷʊʎʄʅ - ʈʆʇɷɹʅʎʄʅɼ ɿɾɻɷʄɿɼ ʆʅ ʉɼɷʉ -

ʇɷʂʓʄʅʃʊ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʊ ʄɷ ʇʊʈʈʁʅʃ ʖɾʒʁɼ - ʅʈɹɼʐɷɼʉ ɿʈʉʅʇɿʕ ɿ ʉɼʅʇɿʕ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ʈ

ɻʇɼɹʄɼʀʏɿʌ ɹʇɼʃʗʄ ɻʅ ʄɷʏɿʌ ɻʄɼʀ . ɤɷʈʉʅʖʐɼɼ ɿɾɻɷʄɿɼ ʇɷʈʈʎɿʉɷʄʅ ʄɷ ɻɼʖʉɼ -

ʂɼʀ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ - ɷʁʉʗʇʅɹ , ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇʅɹ , ʌʊɻʅɽʄɿʁʅɹ , ʆʇɼʆʅɻɷɹɷ -

ʉɼʂɼʀ ɿ ʊʎɷʐɿʌʈʖ ʈʆɼʍɿɷʂʓʄʒʌ ʊʎɼɸʄʒʌ ɾɷɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ , ʇɷɸʅʉʄɿʁʅɹ ɺɷɾɼʉ , ʇɷɻɿʅ

ɿ ʉɼʂɼɹɿɻɼʄɿʖ , ɷ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʄɷ ʏɿʇʅʁɿɼ ʁʇʊɺɿ ʎɿʉɷʉɼʂɼʀ , ɿʄʉɼʇɼʈʊʕʐɿʌʈʖ ʉɼɷʉ -

ʇʅʃ , ʊʎɷʈʉʄɿʁʅɹ ʌʊɻʅɽɼʈʉɹɼʄʄʅʀ ʈɷʃʅɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉɿ , ʈʂʊʏɷʉɼʂɼʀ ʊʄɿɹɼʇʈɿʉɼ -

ʉʅɹ ʁʊʂʓʉʊʇʒ .

ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ ɹʁʂʕʎɷɼʉ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ɹʈɼʌ ɹɿɻɷʌ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ -

ɻʇɷʃɼ , ʅʆɼʇɼ , ɸɷʂɼʉɼ , ʅʆɼʇɼʉʉɼ , ʃʊɾʒʁɷʂʓʄʅʀ ʁʅʃɼɻɿɿ , ɻɼʉʈʁʅʃ ɿ ʁʊʁʅʂʓʄʅʃ

ʉɼɷʉʇɼ , ɷ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ʍɿʇʁɼ ɿ ʔʈʉʇɷɻɼ . ɴʉɿ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʆʅʈɹʖʐɼʄʒ ʋʅʇʃɷʃ ɿ

ɽɷʄʇɷʃ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ , ɹʅʆʇʅʈɷʃ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɿɿ , ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ ɷʁʉʗʇɷ ,

ʇɼɽɿʈʈʊʇʒ , ʃʊɾʒʁɿ ɹ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ , ɻɼʁʅʇɷʍɿʅʄʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ , ʉɼʌʄɿʁɿ ʈʍɼʄʒ ,

ʅʇɺɷʄɿɾɷʍɿɿ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ʆʇʅɿɾɹʅɻʈʉɹɷ , ɷʇʌɿʉɼʁʉʊʇʒ ɿ ʊʈʉʇʅʀʈʉɹɷ

ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʌ ɾɻɷʄɿʀ , ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅʀ ʆɼʎɷʉɿ , ʅɸʇɷɾʅɹɷʄɿʖ ,

ʄɷʊʎʄʅ - ɿʈʈʂɼɻʅɹɷʉɼʂʓʈʁʅʀ ʇɷɸʅʉʒ ɹ ʅɸʂɷʈʉɿ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ .

ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄɷʖ ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ ʅʈɹɼʐɷɼʉ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɼ ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʅ ʄɷʇʅɻʅɹ

ʃɿʇɷ , ɹ ʄɼʀ ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹʂɼʄ ʉɼɷʉʇ ʈʉʇɷʄ , ɿʃɼʕʐɿʌ ʇɷɾɹɿʉʅɼ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɼ

ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅ . ɥʈʅɸʅɼ ɹʄɿʃɷʄɿɼ ʊɻɼʂʖɼʉʈʖ ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁʅʃʊ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʊ ɿ

ɻʅʇɼɹʅʂʕʍɿʅʄʄʅʃʊ ʉɼɷʉʇʊ ʄɷʇʅɻʅɹ , ʄɷʈɼʂʖɹʏɿʌ ɧʅʈʈɿʕ . ɞʄɷʎɿʉɼʂʓʄʅɼ ʃɼʈʉʅ

ɾɷʄɿʃɷɼʉ ʅʈɹɼʐɼʄɿɼ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ ʁʇʊʆʄɼʀʏɿʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ ɜɹʇʅʆʒ

( ɗʄɺʂɿɿ , ɫʇɷʄʍɿɿ ), ɨɯɗ ɿ ʅʈʅɸɼʄʄʅ ʈʉʇɷʄ ʄɷʇʅɻʄʅʀ ɻɼʃʅʁʇɷʉɿɿ . əʆɼʇɹʒɼ

ɻɼʂɷɼʉʈʖ ʆʅʆʒʉʁɷ ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹɿʉʓ ʅʉʈʊʉʈʉɹʊʕʐɿɼ ɹ ʂɿʉɼʇɷʉʊʇɼ ʄɷ ʖɾʒʁɷʌ

ʄɷʇʅɻʅɹ ɨɨɨɧ ɻɷʄʄʒɼ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ əʅʈʉʅʁɷ ( ɟʄɻʅʄɼɾɿʖ , ɘɿʇʃɷ ɿ ɻʇ .), ɢɷʉɿʄʈʁʅʀ

ɗʃɼʇɿʁɿ ( ɗʇɺɼʄʉɿʄɷ , ɘʇɷɾɿʂɿʖ , əɼʄɼʈʊʔʂɷ ɿ ɻʇ .), ɗɹʈʉʇɷʂɿʀʈʁʅɺʅ ɨʅʕɾɷ ɿ

ʇʖɻɷ ɼɹʇʅʆɼʀʈʁɿʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ ( ɫɿʄʂʖʄɻɿʖ , ɚʇɼʍɿʖ , ɤɿɻɼʇʂɷʄɻʒ ɿ ɻʇ .).

ɦʅ ʅɸʑʗʃʊ ɿ ʌɷʇɷʁʉɼʇʊ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ɻɼʂʖʉʈʖ ʄɷ ʇɷɾɹʗʇʄʊʉʒɼ ɿʈʉʅʇɿʎɼʈʁɿɼ

ʅʎɼʇʁɿ ɿ ʈʆʇɷɹʅʎʄʒɼ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ɿ ɾɷʃɼʉʁɿ , ʈʅɻɼʇɽɷʐɿɼ ʆʇɼɿʃʊʐɼʈʉɹɼʄʄʅ

ʋɷʁʉɿʎɼʈʁɿʀ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂ . ɟʈʉʅʇɿʖ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ

ɿɾʂɷɺɷɼʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ ɿ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɿɿ ʉʅʀ ɿʂɿ ɿʄʅʀ ʈʉʇɷʄʒ , ɹ

ʈʆʇɷɹʁɷʌ ʅ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉɿ ʉɼɷʉʇʅɹ , ɹ ɸɿʅɺʇɷʋɿʎɼʈʁɿʌ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ . ɧʖɻ ʈʉɷʉɼʀ

ʈʅɻɼʇɽɿʉ ʈɹʅɻʄʒʀ ʈʆʇɷɹʅʎʄʒʀ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , " ɚɷʈʉʇʅʂʓ ", " ɝʊʇʄɷʂʒ ",

" ɛɼʁɷɻʒ ", " əʈɼʃɿʇʄʒɼ ʋɼʈʉɿɹɷʂɿ ..." ɿ ɻʇ .). ɨʉʇɼʃʖʈʓ ɻɷʉʓ ʅɸʈʉʅʖʉɼʂʓʄʒɼ

ʈɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ , ʇɼɻɷʁʍɿʖ ʈɺʇʊʆʆɿʇʅɹɷʂɷ ʃʄʅɺɿɼ ʉɼʇʃɿʄʒ ɹ ʅɸʐɿʌ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ,

ʅʌɹɷʉʒɹɷʕʐɿʌ ɻɷʄʄʒɼ ʆʅʄʖʉɿʖ , ʈʅʌʇɷʄɿɹ ʈʅʅʉɹɼʉʈʉɹʊʕʐɿɼ ʈʈʒʂʁɿ ʄɷ ʔʉɿ

ʅɸʐɿɼ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ : ʉɷʁ , ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , ɸʅʂʓʏɿʄʈʉɹʅ ʉɼʇʃɿʄʅɹ ʆʅ ʈɿʈʉɼʃɼ

ɨʉɷʄɿʈʂɷɹʈʁʅɺʅ ʇɷɾʑʖʈʄʖɼʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓɼ " ɨʉɷʄɿʈʂɷɹʈʁʅɺʅ ʈɿʈʉɼʃɷ "; ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒɼ

ʉɼʇʃɿʄʒ ʆʅ ʉɼʌʄɿʁɼ ʈʍɼʄʒ ʌɷʇɷʁʉɼʇɿɾʊʕʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ " ɣɷʏɿʄʒ ʈʍɼʄɿʎɼʈʁɿɼ ",

" ɯʊʃʒ ", " ɨʍɼʄɷ ", " ɨɹɼʉ ", " ɴʋʋɼʁʉʒ ʈʍɼʄɿʎɼʈʁɿɼ ". ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ ʄɼ ʈʅɻɼʇɽɿʉ

ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʈʉɷʉɼʀ ʅ ʉɷʄʍɷʌ ɿ ʃʊɾʒʁɷʂʓʄʒʌ ɿʄʈʉʇʊʃɼʄʉɷʌ , ʄʅ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ

" ɩɷʄɼʍ " ɿ " ɣʊɾʒʁɷʂʓʄʒɼ ɿʄʈʉʇʊʃɼʄʉʒ " ʎɿʉɷʉɼʂʓ ʄɷʀɻʗʉ ʈɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ʆʅ ʔʉɿʃ

ɹʅʆʇʅʈɷʃ .

ə ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿɿ ʆʊɸʂɿʁʊʕʉʈʖ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ɹʈɼʌ ʄɷʇʅɻʄʒʌ ɷʇʉɿʈʉɷʌ ɨɨɨɧ ɿ

ʇɼʈʆʊɸʂɿʁ , ʄʅ , ɹɹɿɻʊ ʅɺʇɷʄɿʎɼʄʄʅɺʅ ʅɸʑʗʃɷ ɿɾɻɷʄɿʖ , ɹ ɸɿʅɺʇɷʋɿʎɼʈʁɿʌ

ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ ʈɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ɺʂɷɹʄʒʃ ʅɸʇɷɾʅʃ ʈʆʇɷɹʅʎʄʅɺʅ ʌɷʇɷʁʉɼʇɷ ɿ

ʅʆʇɼɻɼʂʖɼʉʈʖ ʉʅ ʆʅʂʅɽɿʉɼʂʓʄʅɼ ɾʄɷʎɼʄɿɼ , ʁʅʉʅʇʅɼ ɿʃɼɼʉ ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʅ ɻɷʄʄʅɺʅ

ɻɼʖʉɼʂʖ ɻʂʖ ʇɷɾɹɿʉɿʖ ʄɷʍɿʅʄɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ .

ə ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ɹɼʂɿʁɿʌ ʆɿʈɷʉɼʂʖʌ , ʌʊɻʅɽʄɿʁɷʌ ɿ ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇɷʌ , ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʅ

ʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ʈɹʖɾɷʄʅ ʄɼ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ʈ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʃ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅʃ , ʅʈɹɼʐɷɼʉʈʖ ʂɿʏʓ ɿʌ

ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄɷʖ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ , ɷ ʈɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ , ʁɷʈɷʕʐɿɼʈʖ ɻʇʊɺɿʌ ʈʉʅʇʅʄ

ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹɷ ( ɹ ʉʅʃ ʎɿʈʂɼ ɹ ʅɸʂɷʈʉɿ ʂɿʉɼʇɷʉʊʇʒ ɿ ʁɿʄɼʃɷʉʅɺʇɷʋɿɿ ), ɿ

ɸɿʅɺʇɷʋɿɿ ʆʅʎʉɿ ʄɼ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ .

ə ɸɿʅɺʇɷʋɿʎɼʈʁɿʌ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʖʌ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ

ɻʅʇɼɹʅʂʕʍɿʅʄʄʅʀ ɧʅʈʈɿɿ ɻɷʉʒ ʇʅɽɻɼʄɿʖ ɿ ʈʃɼʇʉɿ ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ ʅɸʒʎʄʅ ʆʅ

ʈʉɷʇʅʃʊ ɿ ʄʅɹʅʃʊ ʈʉɿʂʕ ( ɼʈʂɿ ʊʁɷɾɷʄɷ ʅɻʄɷ ɻɷʉɷ , ʔʉʅ ɾʄɷʎɿʉ , ʎʉʅ

ʊʈʉɷʄʅɹɿʉʓ , ʁ ʁɷʁʅʃʊ ʈʉɿʂʕ ʅʄɷ ʅʉʄʅʈɿʉʈʖ , ʄɼ ʊɻɷʂʅʈʓ ).

ɨʉɷʉʓɿ ʅɸ ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʆʓɼʈɷʌ , ʅʆɼʇɷʌ , ɸɷʂɼʉɷʌ ʈʅɻɼʇɽɷʉ ʈɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ʅɸ ɿʌ

ʆɼʇɹʒʌ ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɷʌ ɹ ʄɷʏɼʀ ʈʉʇɷʄɼ ɿ ɾɷ ʇʊɸɼɽʅʃ ɿ ʅ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ɻʇʊɺɿʌ

ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɷʌ . ɥʍɼʄʁɷ ɾʄɷʎɼʄɿʖ ʔʉɿʌ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ ʈʅɻɼʇɽɿʉʈʖ ʅɸʒʎʄʅ ɹ

ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ , ʆʅʈɹʖʐʗʄʄʒʌ ɿʌ ɷɹʉʅʇɷʃ - ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɷʃ , ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇɷʃ , ɷ ʅʍɼʄʁɷ

ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʅʁ ʎɷʈʉʅ ʅʉʃɼʎɷɼʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ʈʅʅʉɹɼʉʈʉɹʊʕʐɿʌ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ ,

ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇɷʌ ɿ ʉ . ɻ . ɦʇɿ ʅʉɸʅʇɼ ʆʓɼʈ , ʅʆɼʇ , ɸɷʂɼʉʅɹ , ʁʅʉʅʇʒʃ ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄɷʖ

ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʖ ʆʅʈɹʖʐɷɼʉ ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒɼ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ , ʇɼɻɷʁʍɿʖ ʅɺʇɷʄɿʎɿʂɷʈʓ

ʁʇʊʆʄɼʀʏɿʃɿ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʖʃɿ ʁʂɷʈʈɿʁʅɹ ɿ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʃɿ ʆʅʆʊʂʖʇʄʒʃɿ ʈʅɹʇ .

ʆʓɼʈɷʃɿ . ɥʈʉɷʂʓʄʒɼ , ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɷʌ

( ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇɷʌ ). ə ɾɷʁʂʕʎɿʉɼʂʓʄʅʃ ʉʅʃɼ ɸʊɻɼʉ ʅʆʊɸʂɿʁʅɹɷʄ ʈʆɿʈʅʁ ɹʈɼʌ

ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ , ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷɼʃʒʌ ɹ ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿɿ .

ɦʓɼʈʒ , ɿʃɼʕʐɿɼ ʄɼʈʁʅʂʓʁʅ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿʀ , ʆʇɿɹʅɻʖʉʈʖ ʆʅɻ ʄɷɿɸʅʂɼɼ ʆʅʆʊʂʖʇʄʒʃ

ʄɷ ʇʊʈʈʁʅʀ ʈʍɼʄɼ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼʃ , ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ " ɤʅʇɷ ", ɷ ʄɼ " ɡʊʁʅʂʓʄʒʀ ɻʅʃ "

(" ɤʅʇɷ "). ɤɷɾɹɷʄɿʖ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ ʄɷ ʖɾʒʁɷʌ ʄɷʇʅɻʅɹ ɨɨɨɧ ɿ ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ

ʈʉʇɷʄ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ ɹ ʆɼʇɼɹʅɻɼ ʄɷ ʇʊʈʈʁɿʀ ʖɾʒʁ . ə ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʈʂʊʎɷʖʌ ʆʇɿɹʅɻɿʉʈʖ

ʄɷɿʃɼʄʅɹɷʄɿɼ ʆʓɼʈ ɹ ʆʅɻʂɿʄʄɿʁɼ .

ɛɷʉɷ , ʈʅʆʇʅɹʅɽɻɷʕʐɷʖ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɷʌ ,

ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇɷʌ , ɹ ʅʎɼʇʁɷʌ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ ɿ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɿɿ , ʅɾʄɷʎɷɼʉ , ʁɷʁ ʆʇɷɹɿʂʅ ,

ɻɷʉʊ ʆɼʇɹʅʀ ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɿ . ə ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ʈʂʊʎɷʖʌ ʆɼʇɹɷʖ ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɷ ɾɷʃɼʄʖɼʉʈʖ

ʅɻʄʅʀ ɿɾ ʆɼʇɹʒʌ , ʄʅ ɸʅʂɼɼ ɾʄɷʎɿʉɼʂʓʄʅʀ , ʎɼʃ ʆʇɼɻʏɼʈʉɹʊʕʐɿɼ ʈʆɼʁʉɷʁʂɿ ,

ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁʅʀ . ə ʉɼʌ ʈʂʊʎɷʖʌ , ʁʅɺɻɷ ʃɼɽɻʊ ɻɷʉʅʀ ʈʅʎɿʄɼʄɿʖ ɿ ' ɻɷʉʅʀ

ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɿ ʈʊʐɼʈʉɹʊɼʉ ɾʄɷʎɿʉɼʂʓʄʒʀ ʇɷɾʇʒɹ ɹʅ ɹʇɼʃɼʄɿ , ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ , ʆʅ

ɹʅɾʃʅɽʄʅʈʉɿ , ʅɸɼ ɻɷʉʒ ( ʈʄɷʎɷʂɷ ɻɷʉɷ ʈʅʎɿʄɼʄɿʖ , ɾɷʉɼʃ ɻɷʉɷ ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɿ ).

ə ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇɷʌ , ɸɷʂɼʉʃɼʀʈʉɼʇɷʌ , ʌʊɻʅɽʄɿʁɷʌ ɿʌ ʆʅʈʉɷʄʅɹʁɿ , ʁɷʁ

ʆʇɷɹɿʂʅ , ɻɷʉɿʇʊʕʉʈʖ . ɟʈʆʅʂʄɼʄɿɼ ʇʅʂɼʀ ɷʁʉʗʇɷʃɿ ɻɷʉɿʇʊɼʉʈʖ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɹ

ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅ ɹɿɻʄɼʀʏɿʌ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʖʌ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ɿʂɿ ɹ ʈʂʊʎɷʖʌ , ʁʅɺɻɷ ʇʅʂʓ ʖɹʂʖɼʉʈʖ

ɹʒɻɷʕʐɿʃʈʖ ʈʅɾɻɷʄɿɼʃ ɷʁʉʗʇɷ , ɷ ʉɷʁɽɼ ɹ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʌ ʅɸ ɷʁʉʗʇɷʌ ʆʇʅʏʂʅɺʅ ,

ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ ʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ʆʅʎʉɿ ʄɼ ʆʅʂʊʎɿʂɷ ʅʈɹɼʐɼʄɿʖ ɹ ʆɼʎɷʉɿ . ɥɸʒʎʄʅ ʇʅʂɿ

ɷʁʉʗʇʅɹ ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ ɿʂɿ ʌʇʅʄʅʂʅɺɿʎɼʈʁɿ , ʆʅ ʃɼʇɼ ɿʌ ʈʅɾɻɷʄɿʖ , ɺʂɿ

ɺʇʊʆʆɿʇʊʕʉʈʖ ʆʅ ʇɷɾɻɼʂɷʃ ʇɼʆɼʇʉʊɷʇɷ ( ʇʅʂɿ ɹ ʄɷʍɿʅʄɷʂʓʄʅʀ ʁʂɷʈʈɿʁɼ , ɹ

ʇʊʈʈʁʅʀ ɿ ʃɿʇʅɹʅʀ ʁʂɷʈʈɿʁɼ , ɹ ʈʅɹʇɼʃɼʄʄʅʃ ʄɷʍɿʅʄɷʂʓʄʅʃ ʇɼʆɼʇʉʊɷʇɼ , ɹ

ʈʅɹʇɼʃɼʄʄʅʃ ʇʊʈʈʁʅʃ ɿ ʆɼʇɼɹʅɻʄʅʃ ʇɼʆɼʇʉʊɷʇɼ ).

ɨʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ ʆʅʃɼʐɼʄʒ , ʁɷʁ ʆʇɷɹɿʂʅ , ʆʅɻ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿʖʃɿ , ʅʆʇɼɻɼʂʖʕʐɿʃɿ

ɿʌ ʄɷʍɿʅʄɷʂʓʄʊʕ ʆʇɿʄɷɻʂɼɽʄʅʈʉʓ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , " ɗʇʃʖʄʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃ . ɚ .

ɨʊʄɻʊʁʖʄɷ ", " ɚʇʊɾɿʄʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃ . ɯ . ɧʊʈʉɷɹɼʂɿ " ɿ ʉ . ʆ .), ʁʇʅʃɼ ʉɼʌ

ʈʂʊʎɷɼɹ , ʁʅɺɻɷ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃɼɼʉ ʊʈʉɷʄʅɹɿɹʏɼɼʈʖ ɾɷ ʄɿʃ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ ,

" əɷ - ʄɼʃʊʀʄɼ ") ɿʂɿ ʄʅʈɿʉ ɿʃʖ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʖ , ʈ ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʅʃ ʁʅʉʅʇʅɺʅ

ʄɼʆʅʈʇɼɻʈʉɹɼʄʄʅ ʈɹʖɾɷʄɷ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , " əɷʌʉɷʄɺʅɹɷ ɿʃɼʄɿ

ʉɼɷʉʇ "), ɿʂɿ ɼʈʂɿ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼ ɺʅʇʅɻɷ , ɺɻɼ ʆʅʃɼʐɷɼʉʈʖ ʉɼɷʉʇ , ʆʇʅʎʄʅ ɹʅʏʂʅ ɹ

ɼɺʅ ʄɷɿʃɼʄʅɹɷʄɿɼ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ ," ɢɼʄɿʄɷʁɷʄʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃ . ɣʇɷɹʖʄɷ ", ɷ ʄɼ

" ɗʇʃʖʄʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃ . ɣʇɷɹʖʄɷ "). ɟʈʁʂʕʎɼʄɿɼ ʈʅʈʉɷɹʂʖʕʉ ʃʄʅɺʅʎɿʈʂɼʄʄʒɼ

ʇʊʈʈʁɿɼ ʉɼɷʉʇʒ , ɷ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʊʁʇɷɿʄʈʁɿɼ ɿ ʊɾɸɼʁʈʁɿɼ ʉɼɷʉʇʒ , ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ

ʆʅʃɼʐɷʕʉʈʖ ɹ ʈʅʅʉɹɼʉʈʉɹɿɿ ʈ ʄɷɿʃɼʄʅɹɷʄɿɼʃ ɺʅʇʅɻɷ , ɺɻɼ ʅʄɿ ʄɷʌʅɻʖʉʈʖ

( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ " ɡɿɼɹʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɿʃ . ɫʇɷʄʁʅ ", " ɢɼʄɿʄɺʇɷɻʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ

ɿʃ . ɦʊʏʁɿʄɷ "). ɨʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ ʆʅɻ

ʊʈʉɷʄʅɹɿɹʏɿʃɿʈʖ ɾɷ ʔʉɿʃɿ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʃɿ ʄɷɿʃɼʄʅɹɷʄɿʖʃɿ ɹ ʇʊʈʈʁʅʀ ʉʇɷʄʈʁʇɿʆʍɿɿ

(" ɡʅʃɼɻɿ ɫʇɷʄʈɼɾ ", " ɘɼʇʂɿʄɼʇ ɷʄʈɷʃɸʂʓ " ɿ ʉ . ɻ .). ɤɷɾɹɷʄɿʖ ʉɼɷʉʇʅɹ

ɸʅʂʓʏɼʀ ʎɷʈʉʓʕ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ ʈʅʁʇɷʐɼʄʄʅ . ɡ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʃ ʅ ʁʇʊʆʄɼʀʏɿʌ ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʌ

ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ ʆʇɿʂɷɺɷɼʉʈʖ ʈʆɿʈʅʁ ʅʈʄʅɹʄʅɺʅ ʇɼʆɼʇʉʊɷʇɷ ʈ 1917 ɺʅɻɷ .

ə ʍɼʂʖʌ ʔʁʅʄʅʃɿɿ ʃɼʈʉɷ ʇɼɻɷʁʍɿʖ ʏɿʇʅʁʅ ɿʈʆʅʂʓɾʊɼʉ ʆʇɿʄʖʉʒɼ ɹ

ʔʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿʎɼʈʁɿʌ ɿɾɻɷʄɿʖʌ ʈʅʁʇɷʐɼʄɿʖ . ɦʇɿ ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷʄɿɿ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ ,

ʆʅʂʊʎɿɹʏɿʌ ɹʈɼʅɸʐʊʕ ɿɾɹɼʈʉʄʅʈʉʓ ( ɺʂɷɹʄʒʃ ʅɸʇɷɾʅʃ ʁʂɷʈʈɿʎɼʈʁɿʌ ), ʄɼ

ʆʇɿɹʅɻɿʉʈʖ ʋɷʃɿʂɿʖ ɷɹʉʅʇɷ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , " ɧɼɹɿɾʅʇ ", ɷ ʄɼ " ɧɼɹɿɾʅʇ " ɚʅɺʅʂʖ );

ʆʇɿ ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷʄɿɿ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ʆʅʆʊʂʖʇʄʒʌ ʇʅʂɼʀ , ʉɷʁɽɼ ɿɾɹɼʈʉʄʒʌ ɸʅʂʓʏɿʄʈʉɹʊ

ʎɿʉɷʉɼʂɼʀ , ʄɼ ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿʖ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ , ɹ ʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ɻɼʀʈʉɹʊʕʉ ʔʉɿ

ʆɼʇʈʅʄɷɽɿ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , ɚʅʇʅɻʄɿʎɿʀ , ɚɷʃʂɼʉ , ɮɷʍʁɿʀ ). ə ʉɼʌ ʈʂʊʎɷʖʌ , ʁʅɺɻɷ ɹ

ʆɼʇɼʎʄɼ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʀ ʅʆʊʈʁɷɼʉʈʖ ʋɷʃɿʂɿʖ ɷɹʉʅʇɷ , ʃɼɽɻʊ ʔʉɿʃ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿɼʃ

ɿ ʈʂɼɻʊʕʐɿʃ ɾɷ ʄɿʃ ʈʉɷɹɿʉʈʖ ʉʅʎʁɷ ʈ ɾɷʆʖʉʅʀ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , " ɢʕɸʅɹʓ ɶʇʅɹɷʖ ";

" ɟʇʁʊʉʈʁɷʖ ɿʈʉʅʇɿʖ " ɗʇɸʊɾʅɹɷ ). ɩɷ ɽɼ ʆʊʄʁʉʊɷʍɿʖ ʈʅɸʂʕɻɷɼʉʈʖ , ʁʅɺɻɷ ɹ

ʆɼʇɼʎʄɼ ʇʅʂɼʀ ʅʆʊʈʁɷɼʉʈʖ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ( ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , ɚɷʃʂɼʉ ;

ɘɼʄɼɻɿʁʉ - " ɣʄʅɺʅ ʏʊʃɷ ɿɾ ʄɿʎɼɺʅ "). ɦʇɿ ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷʄɿɿ ʇʅʂɼʀ ɹ ʅɻʄʅɿʃʗʄʄʒʌ

ʆʓɼʈɷʌ ( ɿʂɿ ʆɷʇʉɿʀ ɹ ʅɻʄʅɿʃʗʄʄʒʌ ʅʆɼʇɷʌ , ɸɷʂɼʉɷʌ ) ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɼ ɾɷʃɼʄʖɼʉʈʖ

ʈʅʁʇɷʐɼʄɿɼʃ " ʅ . ʆ ." ( ʅɻʄʅɿʃʗʄʄʅɼ ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿɼ ): ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ , əɿʂʓɺɼʂʓʃ

ɩɼʂʂʓ ( ʅ . ʆ . ɯɿʂʂɼʇɷ ). ɟʄɿʍɿɷʂʒ ɷɹʉʅʇɷ ʅʆʊʈʁɷʕʉʈʖ ʆʇɿ ʄɷɾɹɷʄɿɿ

ʆʇʅɿɾɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ɿ ʆʇɿ ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷʄɿɿ ɹ ʉɼʁʈʉɼ ɹʈɼʃɿʇʄʅ ɿɾɹɼʈʉʄʒʌ ɿʃʗʄ ( ɯɼʁʈʆɿʇ ,

ɦʊʏʁɿʄ , ɚʅɺʅʂʓ , ɷ ʄɼ ɪ . ɯɼʁʈʆɿʇ , ɗ . ɨ . ɦʊʏʁɿʄ , ɤ . ə . ɚʅɺʅʂʓ ). ə ʅɸɾʅʇʄʒʌ

ʅʎɼʇʁɷʌ ʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ ɿ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɿɿ ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ ɿʄɿʍɿɷʂʒ ʊʁɷɾʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ

ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ʆʇɿ ʆɼʇɹʅʃ ʊʆʅʃɿʄɷʄɿɿ ɻɼʖʉɼʂɼʀ ɻɷʄʄʅʀ ʈʉʇɷʄʒ .

ɟʂʂʕʈʉʇɷʍɿɿ ɻɷʕʉʈʖ ʁ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʃ , ʆʅʈɹʖʐʗʄʄʒʃ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅʃʊ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʊ

ʇɼʈʆʊɸʂɿʁ ɨɨɨɧ , ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ , ʁ ʈʉɷʉʓʖʃ ʅ ʁʇʊʆʄɼʀʏɿʌ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ , ʁ

ʅʉɻɼʂʓʄʒʃ ʉɼʇʃɿʄɷʃ (" ɚʇɿʃ ", " ɟʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅ ɷʁʉʗʇɷ ", " ɨʍɼʄɷ " ɿ ʉ . ɻ .).

ɟʂʂʕʈʉʇɿʇʊɼʉʈʖ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʇʖɻ ʈʉɷʉɼʀ : ʅ ʄɷʇʅɻʄʒʌ ɷʇʉɿʈʉɷʌ ɨɨɨɧ ɿ ʇɼʈʆʊɸʂɿʁ , ʅ

ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇɷʌ , ʈʉɷʉʓɿ , ʆʅʈɹʖʐʗʄʄʒɼ ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʊ ɹʒɻɷʕʐɿʌʈʖ ɷʁʉʗʇʅɹ ʆʇʅʏʂʅɺʅ ,

ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ʅ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʖʌ ʈʅɹʇɼʃɼʄʄʅɺʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ .

ɡʅʂɿʎɼʈʉɹʅ ɿʂʂʕʈʉʇɷʍɿʀ ʂɿʃɿʉɿʇʊɼʉʈʖ ʅɸʑʗʃʅʃ ɿɾɻɷʄɿʖ .

ɡ ʆʅɻɺʅʉʅɹʁɼ ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿɿ ʆʇɿɹʂɼʎɼʄʒ ʉɼɷʉʇʅɹɼɻʒ ɨɨɨɧ ɿ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ

ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ . ə ʅɸʈʊɽɻɼʄɿɿ ʈʂʅɹʄɿʁɷ ɿ ʁʇʊʆʄʒʌ ʈʉɷʉɼʀ ʆʇɿʄɿʃɷʕʉ

ʊʎɷʈʉɿɼ ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɿʈʉʅʇɿɿ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹ ɗʁɷɻɼʃɿɿ ʄɷʊʁ ɨɨɨɧ , ɷ ʉɷʁɽɼ

ɢɼʄɿʄɺʇɷɻʈʁɿʀ ɺʅʈʊɻɷʇʈʉɹɼʄʄʒʀ ʄɷʊʎʄʅ - ɿʈʈʂɼɻʅɹɷʉɼʂʓʈʁɿʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ,

ʃʊɾʒʁɿ ɿ ʁɿʄɼʃɷʉʅɺʇɷʋɿɿ . ɣɷʉɼʇɿɷʂ ʆʅ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʊ ʇɼʈʆʊɸʂɿʁ ʆʅɻɺʅʉɷɹʂɿɹɷʕʉ

ʈʆɼʍɿɷʂʓʄʒɼ ʄɷʊʎʄʅ - ɿʈʈʂɼɻʅɹɷʉɼʂʓʈʁɿɼ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉʒ ɿ ɻʇʊɺɿɼ ʉɼɷʉʇʅɹɼɻʎɼʈʁɿɼ

ʅʇɺɷʄɿɾɷʍɿɿ ʇɼʈʆʊɸʂɿʁ :

ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅɾʄɷʄɿʖ , ʋʅʂʓʁʂʅʇɷ ɿ ʔʉʄʅɺʇɷʋɿɿ ɗɤ ɪɨɨɧ , ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ

ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ , ʋʅʂʓʁʂʅʇɷ ɿ ʔʉʄʅɺʇɷʋɿɿ ɗɤ ɘɨɨɧ ,

ɤɷʊʎʄʅ - ɿʈʈʂɼɻʅɹɷʉɼʂʓʈʁɿʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅɾʄɷʄɿʖ ɗɤ ɪɾɸ . ɨɨɧ , ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ

ɿʈʉʅʇɿɿ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹ ɗʇʃ . ɨɨɧ , ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɷʇʌɿʉɼʁʉʊʇʒ ɿ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ ɗɤ ɗɾɼʇɸ .

ɨɨɧ , ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɚʇʊɾ . ɨɨɧ ɿ ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʃʊɾɼʀ ɚʇʊɾ . ɨɨɧ ,

ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɼ ʅɸʐɼʈʉɹʅ ɴʈʉ . ɨɨɧ , ɨɼʁʉʅʇ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹʅɹɼɻɼʄɿʖ ɗɤ ɡɷɾ . ɨɨɧ .

ɨʂʅɹʄɿʁɿ ʇɼʍɼʄɾɿʇʅɹɷʂɿʈʓ ɹ ʇʖɻɼ ɾɷʇʊɸɼɽʄʒʌ ʈʉʇɷʄ ( ɗʄɺʂɿɿ , ɘʅʂɺɷʇɿɿ ,

ɧʊʃʒʄɿɿ , ɦʅʂʓʏɼ , ɚɛɧ , ɮɼʌʅʈʂʅɹɷʁɿɿ , ɡɿʉɷɼ , ɤɿɻɼʇʂɷʄɻɷʌ , ɵɺʅʈʂɷɹɿɿ , ɟʄɻɿɿ

ɿ ɻʇ .). ɡʅʄʈʊʂʓʉɷʍɿʅʄʄʊʕ ʇɷɸʅʉʊ ʆʇʅɹʅɻʖʉ : əʒʈʏɿʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ

ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹɷ ( ɨʅʋɿʖ ), ɤɷʊʎʄʒʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ɿ ʁɿʄʅ ( ɘʊɻɷʆɼʏʉ ), ɗʈʈʅʍɿɷʍɿʖ

ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʌ ɻɼʖʉɼʂɼʀ ɿ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺʅɹ ( ɦɼʁɿʄ ), ɚʅʈʊɻɷʇʈʉɹɼʄʄʒʀ ɿʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ

ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹ ( əɷʇʏɷɹɷ ), ɟʄʈʉɿʉʊʉ ɿʈʉʅʇɿɿ ɿʈʁʊʈʈʉɹ ( ɘʊʌɷʇɼʈʉ ), ɡɷɸɿʄɼʉ

ʎɼʏʈʁʅɺʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ ɮɼʌʅʈʂʅɹɷʍʁʅʀ ɷʁɷɻɼʃɿɿ ʄɷʊʁ ( ɦʇɷɺɷ ), ɩɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʃʊɾɼʀ

( ɘɼʂɺʇɷɻ ) ɿ ɻʇ . ɘʅʂʓʏʊʕ ʆʅʃʅʐʓ ɹ ʆʅɻɺʅʉʅɹʁɼ ɿɾɻɷʄɿʖ ʅʁɷɾʒɹɷɼʉ

ɸɿɸʂɿʅɺʇɷʋɿʎɼʈʁɿʀ ʁɷɸɿʄɼʉ əʈɼʇʅʈʈɿʀʈʁʅɺʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ʅɸʐɼʈʉɹɷ .

ɨʉɷʉʓɿ ɴʄʍɿʁʂʅʆɼɻɿɿ ʆʅɻʆɿʈʒɹɷʕʉʈʖ ɿʄɿʍɿɷʂɷʃɿ ɷɹʉʅʇʅɹ ( ʇɷʈʏɿʋʇʅɹʁɷ

ɿʄɿʍɿɷʂʅɹ ɻɷʗʉʈʖ ɹ ʁʅʄʍɼ ʁɷɽɻʅɺʅ ʉʅʃɷ ). ɨʉɷʉʓɿ , ʄɼ ɿʃɼʕʐɿɼ ʆʅɻʆɿʈɿ ,

ʆʅɻɺʅʉʅɹʂɼʄʒ ʇɼɻɷʁʍɿɼʀ .

ə ʆʅʈʂɼɻʄɼʃ ʉʅʃɼ ʆʅʃɼʐɷɼʉʈʖ ʊʁɷɾɷʉɼʂʓ ʈ ʉɼʃɷʉɿʎɼʈʁʅʀ ʈɿʈʉɼʃɷʉɿɾɷʍɿɼʀ

ʅʆʊɸʂɿʁʅɹɷʄʄʅɺʅ ɹ ʉʅʃɷʌ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂɷ .

ɨʆɿʈʅʁ ʅʈʄʅɹʄʒʌ ʈʅʁʇɷʐɼʄɿʀ , ʆʇɿʄʖʉʒʌ ɻʂʖ ʄɷʈʉʅʖʐɼɺʅ ɿɾɻɷʄɿʖ , ʆʅʃɼʐʗʄ

ɹ ʁʅʄʍɼ ʆɼʇɹʅɺʅ ʉʅʃɷ .

ɗɗə , ɴɹɷʂʓɻ (22.II.1900-21.III.1939) - ʔʈʉʅʄʈʁɿʀ ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇ . ɥɻɿʄ ɿɾ

ʅʈʄʅɹʅʆʅʂʅɽʄɿʁʅɹ ʔʈʉ . ʄɷʍ . ʅʆɼʇʒ . ə 1926 ʅʁʅʄʎɿʂ ɩɷʂʂɿʄʈʁʊʕ

ʁʅʄʈɼʇɹɷʉʅʇɿʕ ( ʊʎɼʄɿʁ ɗ . ɡɷʆʆɷ ). ə 1928 ʉ - ʇʅʃ " ɴʈʉʅʄɿʖ " ɸʒʂɷ ʆʅʈʉɷɹʂɼʄɷ

ɺɼʇʅɿʁɼ - ʇʅʃɷʄʉɿʎ . ʅʆɼʇɷ ɗ . " əɿʁɼʇʍʒ " (" əɿʁɿʄɺɿ "; ʄʅɹɷʖ ʆʅʈʉ . - ɹ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ

" əɷʄɼʃʊʀʄɼ ", 1956) - ʃʊɾ . ɻʇɷʃɷ ʅ ʆʅʌʅɻɼ ɻʇɼɹʄɿʌ ʔʈʉʅɹ , ɸʅʇʅɹʏɿʌʈʖ

ʆʇʅʉɿɹ ʈʁɷʄɻɿʄɷɹʈʁɿʌ ɾɷɹʅɼɹɷʉɼʂɼʀ - ɹɿʁɿʄɺʅɹ , ɹ ʏɹɼɻʈʁʊʕ ʁʇɼʆʅʈʉʓ

ɨɿɺʉʊʄɷ ɹ 1198. ɥʆɼʇɷ ɗ .- ʅɻʄʅ ɿɾ ʆɼʇɹʒʌ ɾʄɷʎɿʉɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʆʇʅɿɾɹ . ʔʈʉ .

ʅʆɼʇʄʅʀ ʃʊɾʒʁɿ ; ɷʇɿɿ ɿ ɷʄʈɷʃɸʂɿ ɿɾ " əɿʁɼʇʍɼɹ " ɹʌʅɻʖʉ ɹ ʁʅʄʍɼʇʉʄʒʀ

ʇɼʆɼʇʉʊɷʇ ʔʈʉ . ʆɼɹʍʅɹ . ɗ . ʆʇɿʄɷɻʂɼɽɿʉ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʇʖɻ ʈɿʃʋ .,

ʁɷʃɼʇʄʅ - ɿʄʈʉʇʊʃɼʄʉ . ɿ ɻʇ . ʈʅʎ . ɘʒʂ ʅɻʄɿʃ ɿɾ ʇʊʁʅɹʅɻɿʉɼʂɼʀ ʔʈʉ . ʌʅʇʅɹ ;

ʃʄ . ɹʄɿʃɷʄɿʖ ʊɻɼʂʖʂ ɿɾʊʎɼʄɿʕ ʄɷʇ . ʃʊɾ . ɿʈʁ - ɹɷ .

ɢɿʉ .: ɣɿʂʅɹʈʁɿʀ ɨ ., ɥʆɼʇʄʅɼ ɿ ɸɷʂɼʉʄʅɼ ʉɹʅʇʎɼʈʉɹʅ , ɹ ʁʄ .: ɣʊɾʒʁɷ

ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁʅʀ ɴʈʉʅʄɿɿ , ɩɷʂʂɿʄ , 1956. X. ɡʒʇ .

ɗɗɢɘɜɧɚ (Aalberg), ɟɻɷ (4.XII.1857, ɢɼʆʆʖʁʅʈʁɿ . - 17.1, 1915,

ɦɼʉɼʇɸʊʇɺ ) - ʋɿʄʈʁɷʖ ɷʁʉʇɿʈɷ . ə 1874 ʄɷʎɷʂɷ ʈʍɼʄɿʎ . ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ ɹ

ɫɿʄʈʁʅʃ ʉ - ʇɼ ɹ ɚɼʂʓʈɿʄɺʋʅʇʈɼ ( ɬɼʂʓʈɿʄʁɿ ), ɺɻɼ ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂɷ ɻʅ 1885 ɿ ɹ

1887-89. ə 1885 ɿɺʇɷʂɷ ɹ ʉ - ʇɷʌ ɨʉʅʁɺʅʂʓʃɷ , ɥʈʂʅ , ɾɷʉɼʃ - ɡʅʆɼʄɺɷɺɼʄɷ ,

ɘɼʇʂɿʄɷ . ə 1893 ʅʇɺɷʄɿɾʅɹɷʂɷ ʈʅɸʈʉɹ . ʉʇʊʆʆʊ , ɹʒʈʉʊʆɷɹʏʊʕ ɹ ɫɿʄʂʖʄɻɿɿ ɿ

ɧʅʈʈɿɿ ( ɦɼʉɼʇɸʊʇɺ ). ə 1909-11 ʊʎɷʈʉɹʅɹɷʂɷ ɹ ʇʊʁʅɹʅɻʈʉɹɼ ɫɿʄʈʁɿʃ

ʄɷʆɿʅ .- ʄɷʂʓʄʒʃ ʉ - ʇʅʃ . ɟʈʁ - ɹʅ ɗ \, ʅɻʄʅʀ ɿɾ ʁʇʊʆʄɼʀʏɿʌ ʋɿʄ . ɷʁʉʇɿʈ ,

ʅʉʂɿʎɷʂʅʈʓ ɸʅʂʓʏʅʀ ɻʇɷʃɷʉɿʎ . ʈɿʂʅʀ . ɗ . ʈʅɾɻɷɹɷʂɷ ʅɸʇɷɾʒ ʂʕɸʖʐɿʌ ɿ

ʈʉʇɷɻɷʕʐɿʌ ɽɼʄʐɿʄ , ʅʉʃɼʎɼʄʄʒɼ ɺʂʊɸɿʄʅʀ ʎʊɹʈʉɹ , ʍɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓʕ ɿ

ʈʉʇɷʈʉʄʅʈʉʓʕ .. ə ɿɺʇɼ ɗ . ʉʅʄʁʅɼ ʇɷʈʁʇʒʉɿɼ ʆʈɿʌʅʂʅɺɿɿ ɺɼʇʅɿʄʓ ʈʅʎɼʉɷʂʅʈʓ

ʈ ʅʉʉʅʎɼʄʄʅʀ ɹʄɼʏʄɼʀ ʋʅʇʃʅʀ , ʉʐɷʉɼʂʓʄʅʀ ʅʉɻɼʂʁʅʀ ɻɼʉɷʂɼʀ . ɨʇɼɻɿ ʂʊʎʏɿʌ

ʇʅʂɼʀ : ɡɿʇʈʉɿ (" ɨʃɼʇʉʓ ɴʂɿʄʒ " ɤʕʃɼʇʈɷ ), ɥʋɼʂɿʖ , ɣɷʇɿʖ ɨʉʕɷʇʉ ;

ɚʇɼʉʌɼʄ (" ɫɷʊʈʉ " ɚʗʉɼ ), ɣɷɺɻɷ (" ɧʅɻɿʄɷ " ɞʊɻɼʇʃɷʄɷ ), ɣɷʇɺɷʇɿʉɷ ɚʅʉʓɼ

(" ɛɷʃɷ ʈ ʁɷʃɼʂɿʖʃɿ " ɛʕʃɷ - ʈʒʄɷ ), ɫɼʅɻʅʇɷ ( ʅ . ʆ . ɨɷʇɻʊ ), ɤʅʇɷ ; ɧɼɸɼʁʁɷ ɿ

ɚɼɻɻɷ ɚɷɸʂɼʇ (" ɧʅʈʃɼʇʈʌʅʂʓʃ ", " ɚɼɻɻɷ ɚɷɸʂɼʇ " ɟɸʈɼʄɷ ). ɗ . " ɨ .

ɗɗɧɤɟ (Aarni), ɡɷʇʂʅ ( ʇ . 2.VIII. 1888) - ʋɿʄʈʁɿʀ ɷʁʉʗʇ ɿ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇ .

ɪʎɼʄɿʁ ɿɾɹɼʈʉʄʒʌ ʋɿʄ . ɷʁʉʗʇʅɹ ɴ . ɩʅʃʆʊʇɿ , ɗ . ɗʂɸɼʇɺɷ , ɗ . ɥʇʓʖʉʈɷʂʅ .

ɛɼɸʕʉɿʇʅɹɷʂ ɹ 1907 ɹ " ɧɷɸʅʎɼʃ ʉ - ʇɼ " ( ɩɷʃʆɼʇɼ ), ɺɻɼ ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂ ɻʅ 1910. ə

1910-16 ɺɷʈʉʇʅʂɿʇʅɹɷʂ ʆʅ ʈʉʇɷʄɼ , ɹ 1916-17 ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂ ɹ " ɤʅɹʅʃ ʉɼɷʉʇɼ "

( ɬɼʂʓʈɿʄʁɿ ), ɹ 4925-27- ɹ ʉ - ʇɼ " ɤɷʇʅɻʄɷʖ ʈʍɼʄɷ " ( ɬɼʂʓʈɿʄʁɿ ), ɹ 4918-25,

1940-48- ɹ " ɩɷʃʃɼʇʋʅʇʈʈʁʅʃ ʉ - ʇɼ ". ɨʇɼɻɿ ʇʅʂɼʀ ɗ .: ɴʈʁʅ , ɴʔʄʅʁʁɿ , ɨɷʁɼʊʈ

(" ɨɼʂʓʈʁɿɼ ʈɷʆʅɽʄɿ ʁɿ ", " ɥɸʇʊʎɼʄɿɼ ", " ɢɼɷ " ɡɿɹɿ ), ɪʅʂɼɹɿ (" ɨʃɼʇʉʓ ɴʂɿʄʒ "

ɤʕʃɼʇʈɷ ), ɣɷʂʓɹʅʂɿʅ (" ɛɹɼʄɷɻʍɷʉɷʖ ʄʅʎʓ ") ɿ ɻʇ .

ɨ 1918 ɾɷʄɿʃɷʂʈʖ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇʈʁʅʀ ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓʕ . ɗ . ʆʅʈʉɷɹɿʂ ʆʓɼʈʒ ʄɷʍ .

ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɿɿ : " ɨɼʂʓʈʁɿɼ ʈɷʆʅɽʄɿʁɿ ", " ɡʊʂʂɼʇɹʅ ", " ɥɸʇʊʎɼʄɿɼ ", " ɢɼɷ " ɡɿɹɿ ,

" ɛɷʄɿ - ɼʂʓ ɬʓʕʇʉ " əɼʁʈɼʂʂʖ , " ɝɼʄʐɿʄʒ ɤɿʈʁɷɹʊʅʇʄ " (" ɡɷʃɼʄʄʅɼ ɺʄɼɾɻʅ ")

əʊʅʂɿʀʅʁɿ . ɨʇɼɻɿ ɻʇ . ʇɷɸʅʉ : " ɚɷʃʂɼʉ ", " ɛɹɼʄɷɻʍɷʉɷʖ ʄʅʎʓ "; " əʅʈʁʇɼʈɼʄɿɼ "

( ʆʅ ɢ . ɩʅʂʈʉʅʃʊ ), " ɧɼɹɿɾʅʇ " ɿ ɻʇ . ɗ . ɹʅʈʆɿʉɷʂ ʃʄ . ɷʁʉʗʇʅɹ ɿ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇʅɹ

ʋɿʄʈʁʅɺʅ ʉ - ʇɷ , ʊɻɼʂʖʂ ɸʅʂʓʏʅɼ ɹʄɿʃɷʄɿɼ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ʈɼʂʓʈʁɿʌ ʉɼɷʉʇ . ʁʇʊɽʁʅɹ . ə

1929-50 ʆʇɿʄɿʃɷʂ ʊʎɷʈʉɿɼ ɹ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ʉ - ʇʅɹ ʄɼɸʅʂʓʏɿʌ ɺʅʇʅɻʅɹ : ɩɷʃʆɼʇɼ ,

ɡʅʉʁɷ , ɧɷʊʃɷ ɿ ɻʇ . ɨ . ɢ .

" ɗɘɗɠ "- 1) ɩʇɷɺɼɻɿʖ ɣ . ɗʊʔɾʅɹɷ ɿ ɢ . ɨʅɸʅʂɼɹɷ ɹ 4 ɷʁʉɷʌ , 6 ʁɷʇʉɿʄɷʌ ( ʅ

ʆʅʈʂɼɻʄɼʃ ʆɼʇɿʅɻɼ ɽɿɾʄɿ ɹɼʂɿʁʅɺʅ ʁɷɾɷʌʈʁʅɺʅ ʆʅʔʉɷ ,

ɻɼʃʅʁʇɷʉɷ - ʆʇʅʈɹɼʉɿʉɼʂʖ ɗɸɷʖ ɡʊʄɷʄɸɷɼɹɷ ). ɨʅʎ . 1939 ( ʄɷ ʁɷɾɷʌ , ɿ ʇʊʈ . ʖɾ .

ʆɷʇɷʂʂɼʂʓʄʅ ). ɦʅʈʉ . 20 ʅʁʉ . 1940, ɡɷɾɷʌʈʁɿʀ ʉ - ʇ ɻʇɷʃʒ , ɗʂʃɷ - ɗʉɷ [ ʇɼɽ .

ɩʅʁɿɷʄʅɹ , ʌʊɻ - ɮɷʇʄʅʃʈʁɿʀ ( ɻɼʁʅʇɷʍɿɿ ) ɿ ɬʅɻɽɿʁʅɹ ( ʁʅʈʉʕʃʒ ), ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿ ʉʅʇ

ɝʊɸɷʄʅɹ ; ɗɸɷʀ - ɡʊɷʄʒʏʆɷɼɹ , ɡɼʇɿʃ - ɘɷɻʒʇʅɹ ɿ ɗʀʃɷʄʅɹ , ɗʀɻɷʇ - ɨʒɾɻʒʁʅɹ ,

ɞɷʀʄɼʆ - ɡʅʀʎʊɸɷɼɹɷ , ɝɿ - ʇɼʄʏɼ - ɡʅɽɷʃʁʊʂʅɹ 1. ɨʉɷɹɿʂɷʈʓ ʉɷʁɽɼ ɹ

ɨɼʃɿʆɷʂɷʉɿʄʈʁɼ ( ɹ 1945, 1952 - ʁɷɾɷʌ , ʉʇʊʆʆʅʀ , ɹ 1959 - ʇʊʈ .) ɿ ɹ ɻʇ .

ɺʅʇʅɻɷʌ ɡɷɾ . ɨɨɧ .

2) ɟʄʈʍɼʄɿʇʅɹʁɷ ʆʅ ʇʅʃɷʄʊ " ɗɸɷʀ " ɣ . ɗʊʔɾʅɹɷ . ɦʅʈʉ . 28 ɻɼʁ . 1949,

ɡɷɾɷʌʈʁɿʀ ʉ - ʇ ɻʇɷʃʒ , ɗʂʃɷ - ɗʉɷ . ɨʉ . ʆʇ 1952. [ ɗɹʉʅʇʒ ɿʄʈʍ . ɿ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇʒ

ʈʆɼʁʉɷʁʂʖ ɗʀʃɷʄʅɹ ɿ ɯʉɼʀʄ , ʌʊɻ . ɚʅʂʊɸʅɹɿʎ , ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʉʅʇ ɜʇɾɷʁʅɹɿʎ ( ɹ

ʅʈʄʅɹɼ - ʃʊɾ . ʆɼʈʄɿ ɗɸɷʖ ɿ ɘɿʇɽɷʄɷ ); ɵʄʒʀ ɗɸɷʀ - ɟʈʃɷɿʂʅɹ , ɗɸɷʀ " ɹ

ɾʇɼʂʅʃ ɹʅɾʇɷʈʉɼ - ɘɷɻʒʇʅɹ , ɡʊʄɷʄɸɷʀ - ɡʊɷʄʒʏʆɷɼɹ , ɛɷʇʁɼʃɸɷʀ - ɪʃʊʇɾɷʁʅɹ ,

ɞɼʇɼ - ɡʅʀʎʊɸɷɼɹɷ , ɣɷʀɸɷʈɷʇ - ɡʅɽɷʃʁʊʂʅɹ . əɼɻʊʐɿʀ - ɗʀʃɷʄʅɹ ɿ ɘʊʁɼɼɹɷ ].

ɟʄʈʍɼʄɿʇʅɹʁɷ ʈʉɷɹɿʂɷʈʓ ʁɷɾɷʌ . ʉ - ʇɷʃɿ ɹ ɡɷʇɷɺɷʄɻɼ , ɮɿʃʁɼʄʉɼ , ɚʊʇʓɼɹɼ ɿ

ɻʇ .

ɟ ɾ ɻ ɷ ʄ ɿ ʖ .- ɗ ʊ ʔ ɾ ʅ ɹ ɣ ., ɨʅɸʅʂɼɹ ɢ ., ɗɸɷʀ . ɩʇɷɺɼɻɿʖ ɹ 4 ɷʁʉɷʌ ,

ɸ ʁ ., ɣ .- ɢ ., 1945.

ɢɿʉ .: ɢ ʓ ɹ ʅ ɹ ɤ . ɟ ., ɡɷɾɷʌʈʁɿʀ ɗʁɷɻɼʃɿʎɼʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ ɻʇɷʃʒ , ɗʂʃɷ - ɗʉɷ ,

1957, ʈ . 160-166, 307-313. ɗ . ɯʄ .

ɗɘɗɡɗɧɥə , ɗʌʃɼɻ ʌɷʄ ( ʇ . 12. XII. 1931) - ɻɷʇɺɿʄʈʁɿʀ ( ɛɷɺɼʈʉɷʄ )

ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʀ ʆɿʈɷʉɼʂʓ , ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺ . ɦɼʇɹʒʀ ɻɷʇɺɿʄʈʁɿʀ ʆʇʅʋ . ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺ . ə 1956

ʅʁʅʄʎɿʂ ɢɿʉ . ɿʄ - ʉ ɿʃ . ɚʅʇʓʁʅɺʅ ɹ ɣʅʈʁɹɼ . ɢɿʉ . ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ ʄɷʎɷʂ ɹ 1948.

ɤɷʆɿʈɷʂ ʆʓɼʈʊ " əɿʄʅɹɷʉʒɼ " (1957, ɡʊʃʒʁʈʁɿʀ ʉ - ʇ , ɣɷʌɷʎʁɷʂɷ ), ʆʓɼʈʊ ɻʂʖ

ɻɼʉɼʀ " ɤʊʇ - ɴɻɻɿʄ -- ɾʅʂʅʉʒɼ ʇʊʁɿ " (1959, ʉ - ʇ ʁʊʁʅʂ , ɣɷʌɷʎʁɷʂɷ ). ɣ . ɶ .

ɟ . ɗɷʂɸɼʇɺɹ ʇʅʂɿ ɚɼɻɻʒ ɚɷɸʂɼʇ . ɬʊɻ . ɗ . ɴɻɼʂʓʋɼʂʓʉ .

ɗɘɗɡɗɧɥə , ɧɷɸɷɻɷʄ ɚɷʈɷʄʅɹɿʎ ( ʇ . 1917) - ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʀ ʍɿʇʁʅɹʅʀ ɷʇʉɿʈʉ ;

ʁɷʄɷʉʅʌʅɻɼʍ . ɦʅ ʄɷʍɿʅʄɷʂʓʄʅʈʉɿ ʂɷʁ . ɤɷʇ . ɷʇʉ . ɧɨɫɨɧ (1960). ɮʂɼʄ ɡɦɨɨ ʈ

1948. ə ʍɿʇʁɼ ʄɷʎɷʂ ʇɷɸʅʉɷʉʓ ʈ 1935. ɨʅɾɻɷʉɼʂʓ , ʊʎɷʈʉʄɿʁ ɿ ʇʊʁʅɹʅɻɿʉɼʂʓ

ʄʅʃɼʇɷ ɻɷɺ . ʁɷʄɷʉʅʌʅɻʍɼɹ " ɭʅɹʁʇɷ ". ɗ . ɹʆɼʇɹʒɼ ʆɼʇɼʄʗʈ ʄɷ ʁɷʄɷʉ ʈʂʅɽʄʒɼ

ɷʁʇʅɸɷʉɿʎ . ʉʇʕʁɿ ʈ ʆʅɻʁɿɻʄʅʀ ɻʅʈʁʅʀ ɿ ɻʇ . ɪʈʆɼʏʄʅ ʇɷɸʅʉɷɼʉ ɿ ʁɷʁ

ʆɼɻɷɺʅɺ - ʉʇɼʄɼʇ , ɹʅʈʆɿʉɷʂ ʇʖɻ ɷʇʉɿʈʉʅɹ ʍɿʇʁɷ ɿɾ ʎɿʈʂɷ ʂɷʁʈʁʅʀ ʃʅʂʅɻʗɽɿ

( ʊʎɷʈʉʄɿʁɿ ʄʅʃɼʇɷ : ʄɷʇ . ɷʇʉ . ɛɷɺ . ɗɨɨɧ ɣ . ɗɸɷʁɷʇʅɹ , ɣ . ɗɺɷɼɹ ,

ɾɷʈʂʊɽɼʄʄʒʀ ɷʇʉ . ɛɷɺ . ɗɨɨɧ ɡ . ɣɼɻɽɿɻʅɹ ).

ɗɘɗɡ ‚ ɢɟɶ , ɩɷʃɷʇɷ ɚʇɿɺʅʇʓɼɹʄɷ [19. VIII (1. IX). 1905 -14. V. 1953J -

ɺʇʊɾɿʄʈʁɿʀ ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʀ ʈʁʊʂʓʆʉʅʇ , ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʌʊɻʅɽʄɿʁ . ɞɷʈʂ . ɻɼʖʉ . ɿʈʁ - ɹ

ɚʇʊɾ . ɨɨɧ (1941). ɮʂɼʄ ɡɦɨɨ ʈ 1942. ə 1924-29 ʊʎɿʂɷʈʓ ɹ ɩɸɿʂɿʈʈʁʅʀ

ɷʁɷɻɼʃɿɿ ʌʊɻʅɽɼʈʉɹ . ə ʅɸʂɷʈʉɿ ʉɼ - ɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅ - ɻɼʁʅʇɷʍ . ɽɿɹʅʆɿʈɿ ʄɷʎɷʂɷ

ʇɷɸʅʉɷʉʓ ʆʅɻ ʇʊʁ . ɡ . ɗ . ɣɷʇɻɽɷʄɿʏɹɿʂɿ . ə 1932-34 ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂɷ ʌʊɻʅɽʄɿʁʅʃ

ɡʊʉɷɿʈʈʁʅɺʅ ʉ - ʇɷ . ə ʉɼɷʉʇɷʌ ɩɸɿʂɿʈɿ ʅʋʅʇʃɿʂɷ ʈʆɼʁʉɷʁʂɿ : ɹ ɩ - ʇɼ ɿʃ .

ɣɷʇɻɽɷʄɿʏɹɿʂɿ - " ɡʅʃʃʊʄɷ ɹ ʈʉɼʆɿ " ɡʊʂɿʏɷ (1930), " ɯɷʃɿʂʓ " əɷ - ʁɼʂɿ

(1935), " ɢɷʂɿ " ɡɷʂɷɻɾɼ (1947); ɹ ɩ - ʇɼ ɿʃ . ɧʊʈʉɷɹɼʂɿ - " ɦʅʂɷɻɷʊʇɿ "

ɯɷʄʏɿɷʏɹɿʂɿ (1938), " ɥʂɼʄʓɼ ʊʐɼʂʓɼ " ɡʂɻɿ - ɷʏɹɿʂɿ (1944), " ɬɼɹɿʈɸɼʇɿ ɚʅʎɷ "

ʆʅ ɡɷɾɸɼɺɿ (1945); ɹ ɩ - ʇɼ ʅʆɼʇʒ ɿ ɸɷʂɼʉɷ ɿʃɼʄɿ ɦɷʂɿɷʏɹɿʂɿ - " ɣɷʂʉɷʁ - ɹɷ "

ɯ . ɩɷʁʉɷʁɿʏɹɿʂɿ (1938), ɿ ɻʇ . ɗ . ʆʇɿʄɷɻʂɼɽɿʉ ʌʊɻʅɽɼʈʉɹɼʄʄʅɼ ʅʋʅʇʃʂɼʄɿɼ

ʁɿʄʅʁɷʇʉɿʄ " ɗʇʈɼʄ ", " ɚɼʅʇɺɿʀ ɨɷɷʁɷɻɾɼ ", " ɛɷɹɿɻ ɚʊʇɷʃɿʏɹɿʂɿ " ɿ ɻʇ . ɤ . ɴ .

ɗɘɗɢɡɟɤ , ɤɿʁʅʂɷʀ ɗʂɼʁʈɷʄɻʇʅɹɿʎ ( ʇ . 17.X. 1906) - ʇʊʈʈʁɿʀ ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʀ

ʉɼɷʉʇʅɹɼɻ ɿ ʁʇɿʉɿʁ . ɮʂɼʄ ɡɦɨɨ ʈ 1942. ɥʁʅʄʎɿʂ ʇɼɽɿʈʈʗʇʈʁɿʀ ʋ - ʉ ɚɟɩɟɨɷ

(1940). ɢɿʉ . ɻɼʖʉɼʂʓʄʅʈʉʓ ʄɷʎɷʂ ɹ 1930. ɡʇɿʉɿʎ . ʈʉɷʉʓɿ ɿ ʇɼʍɼʄɾɿɿ ɗ .

ʆʅʈɹ . ɹʅʆʇʅʈɷʃ ʈʅɹ . ʉ - ʇɷ .

ɨʅʎ .: ɨɿʈʉɼʃɷ ɨʉɷʄɿʈʂɷɹʈʁʅɺʅ ɿ ʈʅɹɼʉʈʁɿʀ ʉɼɷʉʇ , ɣ ., 1950, 2 ɿɾɻ ., ɣ .,

1954; ɡʇʊɺʅɾʅʇ ɻʇɷʃɷʉʊʇɺɷ . ɞɷʃɼʉʁɿ ʉɼɷʉʇɷʂʓʄʅɺʅ ʁʇɿʉɿʁɷ , ɣ ., 1957; ɩɼɷʉʇ

ʇʊʈʈʁʅɺʅ ʄɷʇʅɻɷ , ɹ ʈɸ .: ɜɽɼɺʅɻʄɿʁ ɣɷʂʅɺʅ ʉɼɷʉʇɷ 1953-1954, ɣ ., 1956, ʈ .

11-70; ɨʊɻʓɸɷ ɺɼʇʅʖ , " ɥʁʉʖɸʇʓ ", 1956, . ʞ 3, ʈ . 174-182; ɨʅɻɼʇɽɷʄɿɼ ʉɼʃʒ ,

" ɥʁʉʖɸʇʓ ", 1957, ʞ 8, ʈ . 188-196. (7. ɚ .

ɗɘɗɧɟɤɥəɗ , ɗʄʉʅʄɿʄɷ ɟɹɷʄʅɹʄɷ ( ʄɷʈʉ . ʋɷʃ .- ɧɼʀʌɼʂʓʉ ) [12/24). VII.

1842 - 16 (29). VII. 19011 - ʇʊʈʈʁɷʖ ʅʆɼʇʄɷʖ ( ʁʅʄʉʇɷʂʓʉʅ , ɹʆʅʈʂɼɻʈʉɹɿɿ -

ʃɼʍʍʅ - ʈʅʆʇɷʄʅ ) ɿ ɻʇɷʃɷʉɿʎɼʈʁɷʖ ɷʁʉʇɿʈɷ . ɪʎɿʂɷʈʓ ʆɼʄɿʕ ʈʄɷʎɷʂɷ ɹ

ɦɼʉɼʇɸʊʇɺɼ , ɾɷʉɼʃ ɹ ɣɿʂɷʄɼ . ɘʇɷʂɷ ʊʇʅʁɿ ʆɼʄɿʖ ʊ ɦ . əɿɷʇɻʅ ɹ ɦɷʇɿɽɼ ( ɹ

1874). ɨ 1861 ʆɼʂɷ ɹ ʅʆɼʇʄʒʌ ʉ - ʇɷʌ ɚɼʄʊɿ , ɣʅʈʁɹʒ , ɥɻɼʈʈʒ ɿ ɻʇ . ɺʅʇʅɻʅɹ

ʆʅɻ ʆʈɼɹɻ . ɧɼɻɽɿ . ə ʁʅʄʍɼ 60- ʌ ɺɺ . ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂɷ ɹ ʅʆɼʇʄʒʌ ʉ - ʇɷʌ ɥɻɼʈʈʒ ɿ

ɩɿʋʂɿʈɷ . ə 1872 ʆʅʈʂɼ ʊɻɷʎʄʅɺʅ ɻɼɸʕʉɷ ɹ ɦɼʉɼʇɸʊʇɺɼ ( ɦɼʇɿʁʅʂɷ - " ɦʉɿʎʁɿ

ʆɼɹʎɿɼ " ɥʋʋɼʄɸɷʌɷ ) ɸʒʂɷ ɾɷʎɿʈʂɼʄɷ ʄɷ ʈʂʊɽɸʊ ɹ ʅʆɼʇʄʒʀ ɿ ɻʇɷʃ .

ɿʃʆɼʇɷʉʅʇʈʁɿɼ ʉ - ʇʒ . ɛʅ 1878 ɹʒʈʉʊʆɷʂɷ ʆʇɼɿʃ . ɹ ʅʆɼʇɷʌ ɿ ʅʆɼʇɼʉʉɷʌ .

ɦɷʇʉɿɿ : əɷʄʖ (" ɟɹɷʄ ɨʊʈɷʄɿʄ "), ɡʄʖɺɿʄʖ , ɢɷʊʇɷ (" ɧʊʈɷʂʁɷ ", " ɡɷʃɼʄʄʒʀ

ɺʅʈʉʓ " ɛɷʇɺʅʃʒɽʈʁʅɺʅ ), ɨʆɿʇɿɻʅʄʅɹʄɷ (" əʇɷɽʓʖ ʈɿʂɷ " ɨɼʇʅɹɷ ), ɦɷʃɼʂɷ

(" ɫʇɷ - ɛʓʖɹʅʂɼ " ɥɸɼʇɷ ). ɗ . ʅɸʂɷɻɷʂɷ ʇʅɹʄʒʃ ɹʅ ɹʈɼʌ ʇɼɺɿʈʉʇɷʌ ɺʅʂʅʈʅʃ ,

ʆʇɼʁʇɷʈʄʅʀ ʋʇɷɾɿʇʅɹʁʅʀ , ɸʅʂʓʏʅʀ ʃʊɾʒʁɷʂʓʄʅʈʉʓʕ . ɨ 1878 ɻʅ ʁʅʄʍɷ ɽɿɾʄɿ

ʇɷɸʅʉɷʂɷ ɹ ɻʇɷʃɼ . ɧʅʂɿ : ɤɷʉɷʂɿʖ ɛʃɿʉʇɿɼɹʄɷ (" ɚʅʇɼ ʅʉ ʊʃɷ "), ɞɹɼɾɻɿʄʍɼɹɷ

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