(Ebooks) Historical - Fortress 065 - US Army Engineer Course - Field Fortifications by Osprey.pdf - US Army Courses - Bulow

SUBCOURSE EDITION

EN0065 B

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS

ENGINEER

SUBCOURSE 65

FIELD

FORTIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDENCE COURSE PROGRAM

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER SCHOOL

FORT LEONARD WOOD, MO

INTRODUCTION

Field fortifications are natural or manmade protective features used as defensive obstacles, personnel and

weapons shelters, and protected firing positions.

This subcourse teaches you how to construct personnel, vehicle, and weapons emplacements,

intrenchments, shelters, entanglements, and obstacles under various climatic conditions. Standard plans, types of

material, construction procedures, and estimated time and labor requirements are also given.

The subcourse consists of five lessons and an examination as follows:

Lesson 1. Purpose and Requirements of Field Fortifications.

2. Trenches, and Fieldworks.

3. Obstacle Employment.

4. Barbed Wire Entanglements.

5. Camouflage (Protection Against Enemy Surveillance).

Examination.

Fifteen credit hours are allowed for this subcourse.

The format of this subcourse has been developed to facilitate student self-pacing and self-testing. Each

lesson in this subcourse is followed by a number of Self-Test questions and exercises designed for a review of

that lesson. After completing study of the lesson, you should answer the Self-Test exercises, then turn to the

back of the subcourse booklet where the correct answers to the Self-Test have been included. A comparison of

your answers with those given in the back of the subcourse will indicate your knowledge and understanding of

the material presented. When you have completed all lessons to your satisfaction, complete and forward the

Examination Answer Card which you will find in the subcourse packet. The grade you receive on the

examination is your grade for the subcourse.

* * * IMPORTANT NOTICE * * *

THE PASSING SCORE FOR ALL ACCP MATERIAL IS NOW 70%.

PLEASE DISREGARD ALL REFERENCES TO THE 75% REQUIREMENT.

LESSON 1

PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENTS OF

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS

CREDIT HOURS.......................................................................................................... 3

TEXT ASSIGNMENT.................................................................................................. Attached memorandum.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson you should be able to --

1. Basic Requirement of Field Fortifications. Describe the basic requirements for field fortifications to

include efficient employment of weapons, protection qualities, and progressive development.

2. Protective Measures Against Nuclear Weapons. Describe protective measures against nuclear weapons

to include before, during and after explosion actions and procedures.

3. Individual Emplacements. Describe construction methods for individual emplacements to include

skirmisher's trench, improve emplacement, one-man fox hole etc.

4. Crew Served Infantry Weapons Emplacements. Describe construction of infantry weapons

emplacements to include machine gun emplacements, emplacements for recoilless weapons, etc.

5. Vehicle and Artillery Emplacements. Describe construction of vehicle and artillery emplacements to

include vehicle pit, towed artillery weapons emplacements, and self-propelled and tank-mounted weapons

emplacements.

6. Firebase Construction. Describe construction of a firebase to include layout, artillery requirements, and

construction tasks in Phases I, II, and III.

7. Deliberate Shelters and Bunkers. Describe construction of deliberate shelters to include general

construction requirements, sectional shelters, bunkers, overhead cover, and standoff.

8. Prefabricated Shelters and Bunkers. Describe construction of prefabricated shelters and bunkers to

include design considerations of the WES concrete arch bunker, and WES concrete arch shelter.

9. Protective Shelters for Frozen Environment. Discuss the barriers and shelters which can be constructed

of snow or ice and the qualities of snow and ice as protective materials.

1-1

ATTACHED MEMORANDUM

Section I. Purpose and Protective Requirements of

Field Fortifications

cannot disperse sufficiently to obtain adequate

protection.

1-1.

USE OF FIELD FORTIFICATIONS

a. On the offense. During offensive

operations periodic halts may be required to

regroup, resupply, or consolidate positions gained.

Where the enemy threat is known to include a

counterattack capability (or probability), offensive

units should seek available cover or should dig hasty

emplacements.

e. Alternate and dummy positions. When

time and the situation permit, dummy and alternate

positions should be constructed to deceive the

enemy and to allow flexibility in the defense.

1-2.

RESPONSIBILITIES

b. On the defense. A defensive position is

built around a series of organized and occupied

tactical positions. Positions are selected for their

natural defensive strength and the observation

afforded. Fortification measures include clearing

fields of fire, digging weapons emplacements and

positions for personnel, strengthening natural

obstacles, installing artificial obstacles, and

providing camouflage.

Field fortifications are constructed by personnel

of all arms and services. Hasty shelters and

emplacements are normally constructed by the

combat units occupying the position. Some

engineer equipment and supervisory assistance are

frequently required to assist the combat units.

Fortifications of a more complex character may

require construction by engineer troops. Actually,

engineers at all echelons of command assist in the

preparation of plans and orders and furnish technical

advice and assistance in the construction of field

fortifications.

c. Fortification plans. Plans for fortification

not only provide for the desired degree of protection

but also for bringing the enemy under the maximum

volume of effective fire as early as possible.

Fortification plans are usually based on progressive

construction, that is, proceeding from open to

covered emplacements and shelters, to the ultimate

protection permissible under the circumstances.

Characteristics of personnel and individual weapons

emplacements are shown in table 1-1 (in back of

course booklet).

1-3.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR

FORTIFICATIONS

a. Employment of weapons. Emplacements

must permit effective use of the weapons for which

they are designed. This requirement may limit the

protection which can be provided and may influence

the design and depth of adjacent shelters.

d. Dispersion. The separation of units and

individuals is a primary means of protection,

particularly from the effects of nuclear weapons. If

the area occupied by a unit is doubled, it is less

vulnerable to shell fire or the effects of nuclear

weapons. Proper dispersion can greatly reduce the

requirements for high level protection from field

fortifications. The amount that a unit spreads out

depends on the mission, terrain, and the enemy

situation. Fortifications, properly employed, can be

used in lieu of, or to supplement, dispersion, but

fortifications are particularly important for units that

b. Protection. As far as possible, protection

should be provided against hazards except a direct

hit or a close nuclear explosion. To obtain

maximum protection, excavations should be as small

as possible, thereby limiting the effective target area

for high trajectory weapons and airbursts.

c. Simplicity and economy. The

emplacement or shelter should be strong and simple,

require as little digging as possible and be

constructed with materials that are immediately

available.

1-2

(Ebooks) Historical - Fortress 065 - US Army Engineer Course - Field Fortifications by Osprey.pdf

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