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Quantitative assessment of the risks of reducing the routine swabbing requirements for the detection of Taylorella equigenitalis.
Authors:Wood JL; Kelly L; Cardwell JM; Park AW
Author's Address:Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU.
Source:The Veterinary Record [Vet Rec] 2005 Jul 9; Vol. 157 (2), pp. 41-6.
Publication Type:Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review
Language:English
Journal Information:Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0031164 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0042-4900 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00424900 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vet. Rec. Subsets: MEDLINE
MeSH Terms:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*veterinary
Horse Diseases/*microbiology
Taylorella equigenitalis/*isolation & purification
Algorithms; Animals; Carrier State/veterinary; Endometritis/microbiology; Endometritis/prevention & control; Endometritis/veterinary; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/diagnosis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/prevention & control; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses; Risk Assessment
Abstract:The transmission of contagious equine metritis (CEM) on stud farms in Britain, Ireland and other European countries is prevented by following the recommendations in the Horserace Betting Levy Board's Code of Practice on CEM. A quantitative risk assessment was undertaken to estimate the likely impact of removing the recommendation, from the 2002 code, to culture endometrial or cervical swabs microaerophilically for the presence of Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative organism. The scientific literature was reviewed for evidence about the anatomical distribution of T. equigenitalis at different times after infection and it was found that, in chronically infected mares, the organism was detectable in the clitoral swabs of nearly 93 per cent, but in the cervical swabs of only 31 per cent. In contrast, in acutely infected mares, the organism was detectable in the clitoral swabs of nearly 69 per cent, but in the cervical swabs of 84 per cent. By using these results, a quantitative risk assessment was undertaken, assessing the likely effects of removing the recommendation that swabs from the cervix of low-risk mares should be cultured for T. equigenitalis. The results were sensitive to the prevalence of the infection, but when it was low, there appeared to be few benefits in continuing to culture cervical swabs routinely. However, such swabs are vital when the disease is suspected.
Number of References:17
Entry Dates:Date Created: 20050711 Date Completed: 20050825 Latest Revision: 20061115
Update Code:20091202
PMID:16006639

Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares.
Authors:Katz JB; Evans LE; Hutto DL; Schroeder-Tucker LC; Carew AM; Donahue JM; Hirsh DC
Author's Address:National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
Source:Journal Of The American Veterinary Medical Association [J Am Vet Med Assoc] 2000 Jun 15; Vol. 216 (12), pp. 1945-8.
Publication Type:Journal Article
Language:English
Journal Information:Country of Publication: UNITED STATES NLM ID: 7503067 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0003-1488 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00031488 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. Subsets: MEDLINE
MeSH Terms:Taylorella equigenitalis*/immunology
Taylorella equigenitalis*/isolation & purification
Taylorella equigenitalis*/pathogenicity
Endometritis/*veterinary
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*veterinary
Horse Diseases/*microbiology
Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood; Endometritis/microbiology; Endometritis/pathology; Endometrium/pathology; Equidae; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/pathology; Horse Diseases/immunology; Horse Diseases/pathology; Horses; Prospective Studies
Abstract:OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical, serologic, bacteriologic, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses of mares to 2 donkey-origin atypical bacterial isolates resembling Taylorella equigenitalis. DESIGN: Prospective in vivo study. ANIMALS: 10 healthy mares. PROCEDURE: Mares in estrus (2/group) were inoculated by intrauterine infusion with 2 isolates of classic T equigenitalis or 2 isolates of atypical Taylorella sp or were sham-inoculated. Bacteriologic, serologic, clinical, uterine, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses were assessed 4, 11, 21, 35, and 63 days after inoculation and on day 111 in mares with positive culture results on day 63. RESULTS: One atypical isolate failed to cause infection. The second atypical isolate and both classic T equigenitalis isolates induced similar transient metritis and cervicitis. Both classic isolates and 1 atypical isolate induced anti-T equigenitalis complement-fixing antibodies detectable at day 11. Classic isolates and an atypical isolate provoked intense neutrophilic endometritis followed by a resolving, subacute, neutrophilic-mononuclear endometrial response. The atypical isolate and classic isolates were recovered from the uterus, clitoral fossa, or clitoral sinus of one or both exposed mares for as long as 111 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atypical Taylorella sp infections should be considered as a differential diagnosis of equine infertility in US-origin mares, even those not exposed to stallions from countries where contagious equine metritis occurs. The origins and prevalence of atypical Taylorella sp infection in US horses and donkeys are undetermined.
CAS Registry Number:0 (Antibodies, Bacterial)
Entry Dates:Date Created: 20000814 Date Completed: 20000814 Latest Revision: 20031114
Update Code:20091202



















Prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis infection in stallions in Slovenia: bacteriology compared with PCR examination.
Authors:Zdovc I; Ocepek M; Gruntar I; Pate M; Klobucar I; Krt B
Author's Address:Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Source:Equine Veterinary Journal [Equine Vet J] 2005 May; Vol. 37 (3), pp. 217-21.
Publication Type:Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Language:English
Journal Information:Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0173320 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0425-1644 (Print) Linking ISSN: 04251644 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Equine Vet. J. Subsets: MEDLINE
MeSH Terms:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*veterinary
Horse Diseases/*diagnosis
Polymerase Chain Reaction/*veterinary
Taylorella equigenitalis/*isolation & purification
Animals; Colony Count, Microbial/methods; Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary; DNA, Bacterial/analysis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/diagnosis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Slovenia/epidemiology; Time Factors
Abstract:REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis infection in Slovenia is unknown and methods used to refine identification in these stallions are required. HYPOTHESIS: In diagnosis of T. equigenitalis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would have advantages over culture methods, especially in cases where small numbers of causal agent or intensive contamination of genital swabs are involved. METHODS: Culture method and PCR were used to examine a total of 980 genital swabs from the urethra and fossa urethralis of 245 stallions for the presence of the contagious equine metritis organism. RESULTS: Among 245 examined stallions, 225 (91.8%) were negative to T. equigenitalis by both methods. From the swabs of 17 stallions (6.9%) T. equigenitalis was isolated at first and/or second sampling. Swabs of 3 (13%) stallions were PCR positive but the isolation of T. equigenitalis failed. The rate of T. equigenitalis detection was higher with PCR than with the classic bacteriological examination. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: PCR protocol used in this study provided a specific, sensitive, and simple tool for rapid detection of T. equigenitalis. PCR is especially valuable in cases of intensive bacterial and fungal contamination of swabs where the isolation of T. equigenitalis usually fails.
CAS Registry Number:0 (DNA, Bacterial)
Entry Dates:Date Created: 20050516 Date Completed: 20050816 Latest Revision: 20061115
Update Code:20091202
PMID:15892229