Sanskrit_-_lesson10.pdf

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-------------- Lesson-10
General introduction to the tenses.
In Sanskrit, verbs are associated with ten different
forms of usage. Of these six relate to the tenses and
four relate to moods. We shall examine the usages
now.
Six tenses are identified as follows. The tenses
directly relate to the time associated with the
activity specified in the verb, i.e., whether the
activity referred to in the verb is taking
place now or has it happened already or if it
will happen or going to happen etc.
Present tense: vtIman kal:
There is only one form for the present tense.
Past tense: B¥t kal:
Past tense has three forms associated with it.
1. Expressing something that had happened sometime
in the recent past, typically last few days.
2. Expressing something that might have just happened,
typically in the earlier part of the day.
3. Expressing something that had happened in the distant
past about which we may not have much or any
knowledge.
Future tense: B¢vÝyt­ kal:
Future tense has two forms associated with it.
1. Expressing something that is certainly going to happen.
2. Expressing something that is likely to happen.
------Verb forms not associated with time.
There are four forms of the verb which do not relate
to any time. These forms are called "moods" in the
English language. English grammar specifies three
moods which are, Indicative mood, Imperative mood
and the Subjunctive mood. In Sanskrit primers one
sees a reference to four moods with a slightly
different nomenclature. These are, Imperative mood,
potential mood, conditional mood and benedictive
mood. Since the nomenclature differs we will have
to see what the moods in Sanskrit actually refer to.
The ten forms of usage of the verb are each given a
name in Sanskrit and all the names start with the
akshara l . Hence the forms are called the ten "lakaras"
(Even though two of the forms do not strictly start
with l , the term lkara: applies)
1.
lzq
Present tense
2.
lHq
Past tense - imperfect
3.
l¤Hq
Past tense - aorist
4.
¢lzq
Past tense - perfect
5.
l¤zq
Future tense - likely
6.
l¦zq
Future tense - certain
7.
l¦Hq
Conditional mood
8.
¢v¢D¢lHq
Potential mood
9.
AaS£¢lIHq
Benedictive mood
10.
laEzq
Imperative mood
It may be noted that five of the lakaras end in zq and
the remaining five in Hq . One more Lakara is known to
be seen in Vedic texts. It is known as lEzq .
It must also be remembered that verbs in Sanskrit belong
to two categories depending on whether the activity
specified in the verb applies to the person himself
or whether it applies to someone other than the subject
of the verb.
Verbs referring to the activity for the self are said to be
"Atmanepada" AaÏmnEpd verbs.
Verbs referring to the activity for others are said to be
"Parasmaipada" prÞmWpd verbs.
Verbs which can take both forms are known as
"Ubhayapada" uBypd verbs.
Each verb in Sanskrit can be traced to a root which we
may refer to as the root form of the verb. There are many
instances of verbs being derived from two different forms
of a root. The form of the root used in deriving the verb
will depend on the tense.
Forms of the verb for the different tenses and moods are
obtained by adding suffixes or prefixes or both to the
root form and adding an infix as well. So we may say
that the general for of any "lakara" is
(prefix) + root form + infix + suffix
The paranthesis indicates that the prefix is not present
in all the forms.
The infix is generally referred to as the conjugational sign.
The form of the infix is dependent on the root form as
well as person. In Sanskrit, the aksharas in the infix are
termed as ¢vkrNp#Ïyy: and those in the suffix are
called ¢tHqp#Ïyy: . The root form is known as Dat¤ .
The suffix is referred to as the verbal termination sign.
The form of the suffix depends on the lakara and we can
apply some rules to arrive at the suffixes. For each of
the lakaras, nine suffixes will have to be remembered.
Three persons and three numbers for each person make
up the nine.
It may be borne in mind that the verbal termination signs
also depend on the type of the verb, i.e., "Atmanepada"
or "Parasmaipada".
We have seen in lesson 3 the conjugations of the verb in
the present tense. Later in this lesson we shall study the
conjugations for the other tenses and moods. These will
be covered in independent sections.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- Lesson10 --------------------
Past tense (simple past tense):
The form considered here is lHq
As seen in the introduction, the formation of
the verb may be specified through a formula.
(prefix) + verb root + infix + suffix
The infix is based on the root and the personwhile
the suffix, referred to as the verb termination,
depends on the tense or the mood.
For the simple past tense, A is the prefix.
The terminations are as follows. These apply for
verbs in "parasmaipada".
Per.
Sing.
Dual
Pl.
III.
t­
ta|
An­
II.
s¥
t|
t
I.
A|
v
m
Applying the formula the forms of a verb will be
obtained as
III Sing.
A+ vr +A+t­
III Dual
A+ vr +A+tam­
III Pl.
A+ vr + A+An­
II Sing.
A+ vr +A+s¥
II Dual
A+ vr +A+tm­
II Pl.
A+ vr +A+t
I Sing. A+ vr +Aa+A|
I Dual A+ vr +Aa+v
I Pl. A+ vr +Aa+m
Now for the forms (past tense) of the verb gÅC¢t .
The root form for the verb is gÅCq
The infix corresponding to the root gÅC qqq is also A
for second and third person but Aa for first person.
Per.
Sing.
Dual
Pl.
III.
AgÅCt­
AgÅCta|
AgÅCn­
He went
They two
They went
went
II.
AgÅC:
AgÅCt|
AgÅCt
You went
You two
You went
went
I.
AgÅC|
AgÅCav
AgÅCam
I went
We two
We went
went
The discerning reader would want to know why in
the case of the second person singular, there is
no conformity with the indicated termination s¥ or
why differences are seen in applying Sandhi rules?
It must be remembered that there are specific grammar
rules in repect of how sounds are modified when suffixes
are added. Typically, the suffix s¥ , when added to a noun
or verb root, becomes a visarg. We will not dwell on this
much, as this is beyond the scope of our current lessons.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------- Lesson 10 --------------------
Future Tense- B¢vÝyÏkal:
As seen in the introduction, Future Tense may
express something that is certainly going to happen
(l¦zq) or express something that may happen (l¤zq) .
Of these two, l¦zq is seen in frequent use.
The infix for future tense is Þy . This infix changes its
form to iÝy when applied to some roots. In some cases
it may become Ýy . There is no direct rule or formula
which we can remember in respect of this infix. It
will be necessary to commit to memeory the forms
for different verbs.
For many verbs, two root forms may be seen. For
example,
gm­ , gÅCq are the two root forms given for gÅC¢t .

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