Working with language.pdf

Working with

Language

An interactive guide to understanding

language and linguistics

Supplementary course materials for

ISAL 520 / ENGL 351 / INAL 300 / INCS 310

2005 edition

Dr. Peter J. Silzer

SIL at Biola

Department of TESOL and Applied Linguistics

School of Intercultural Studies

Biola University

These notes are written for classroom purposes only.

Scripture verses are from the

HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION.

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Working with language 2005

Table of contents

1 Preface..........................................................................................................................9

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9

Study questions ........................................................................................................................ 9

Lecture notes .......................................................................................................................... 10

Key points............................................................................................................................... 11

References............................................................................................................................... 12

Additional materials .............................................................................................................. 12

Materials for further study ................................................................................................... 12

2 Language in the Bible................................................................................................19

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 19

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 19

Language, God and man ....................................................................................................... 20

How God uses language ........................................................................................................ 21

How people use language ...................................................................................................... 22

How God wants people to use language............................................................................... 23

Human languages and God’s Word..................................................................................... 24

Pike’s axioms on language and the Bible............................................................................. 26

Key points............................................................................................................................... 26

3 What is language?......................................................................................................27

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 27

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 27

Language: a definition .......................................................................................................... 28

Language: four distinctive characteristics .......................................................................... 29

Language: eleven functions................................................................................................... 30

Language: a model ................................................................................................................ 33

Linguistic knowledge or competence ................................................................................... 34

Locating language in the brain............................................................................................. 34

Key points............................................................................................................................... 35

4 Language and culture................................................................................................37

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 37

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 37

Does Our Language Determine Our Culture?.................................................................... 38

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How Does Language Reflect Culture? ................................................................................. 41

How Can We Apply the Language and Culture Connection?........................................... 44

Key points............................................................................................................................... 44

5 What is linguistics? ....................................................................................................45

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 45

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 45

Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 45

Linguistic method(s) .............................................................................................................. 48

Pike’s 4 basic concepts about language ............................................................................... 49

Linguistics Creed ................................................................................................................... 52

Goals of linguistics ................................................................................................................. 53

Linguistics through the ages ................................................................................................. 55

Key points............................................................................................................................... 56

6 Phonetics ....................................................................................................................57

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 57

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 57

Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 57

Components of speech production ....................................................................................... 58

Consonants ............................................................................................................................. 60

Vowels ..................................................................................................................................... 63

The IPA................................................................................................................................... 67

Suprasegmentals .................................................................................................................... 68

How to take phonetic notes ................................................................................................... 71

Key points............................................................................................................................... 72

7 Phonology...................................................................................................................73

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 73

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 73

Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 74

Three possible relationships.................................................................................................. 76

Natural classes........................................................................................................................ 80

Distinctive features ................................................................................................................ 81

Symmetry ............................................................................................................................... 82

Phonological rules.................................................................................................................. 83

Solving phonological problems............................................................................................. 84

Prosody ................................................................................................................................... 85

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Working with language 2005

Phonotactics ........................................................................................................................... 86

Hierarchy in phonology ........................................................................................................ 87

Universals of phonology ........................................................................................................ 88

English Tongue Twisters....................................................................................................... 89

Key points............................................................................................................................... 90

8 Language and writing................................................................................................91

Study questions ...................................................................................................................... 91

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 91

Oral versus written language................................................................................................ 92

Types of writing systems ....................................................................................................... 94

The English orthography ...................................................................................................... 96

Key points............................................................................................................................. 100

9 Morphology ..............................................................................................................101

Study questions .................................................................................................................... 101

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 101

Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 102

Morphological analysis ....................................................................................................... 104

Types of morphemes............................................................................................................ 106

Words.................................................................................................................................... 108

Inflectional versus derivational affixes .............................................................................. 110

Inflectional morphology ...................................................................................................... 110

Derivational morphology .................................................................................................... 115

Some limitations on derivational processes ....................................................................... 116

Other word formation processes ........................................................................................ 117

Allomorphs ........................................................................................................................... 118

Hierarchy in morphology.................................................................................................... 120

Typology of languages ......................................................................................................... 121

Key points............................................................................................................................. 123

10 Syntax ......................................................................................................................125

Study questions .................................................................................................................... 125

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 125

Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 126

Analyzing phrases and clauses ........................................................................................... 128

Tree diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 129

Phrase structure rules ......................................................................................................... 130

Working with language 2005

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