TeslaTrueWireless.pdf

RADIO DEPARTMENT

Th<e T 1f' iUle W ii1f' ce li ce §§

By NIH-OLA TE§lL.A

IVrillt n Enlusivtl:,. for TI.l' Elulriclll E.rptri",tnltr

E VER since the announcemmt of

application of these radiations for the pu r.

pOse was quite obvious. \Vhen Dr. Hertz.

was asked whether such a system would

be of practical value, he did not think so,

and he was co rrect in his forecast. The

best that might have been expected was a

methOd of communication similar to the

-_ .",

proved appliancu. Similar phenomena were

noted, greatly ma~nified in intensity, but

they were susceptible of a differem and

more plausible explanation. I considerM

this so important that in 1892 I went to

Bonn. Germany, to ronfer with Dr. Hertz

in regard to my obsen'ations. H e seemed

disappointed to such a de~ree that J r e-

grettro my tr ip and parted from him so r-

rowfully. During the succeeding yea rs I

made numerous exr,e rim en ls with the same

Obje<:tibnt the resu ts were uniformly nega-

t ive. n 1 900, however. after I had e\'olved

a wireless Iransmitter which enabled me

t o obl.ain eI«tro-magnetic activities of many

millions of horse-power. J made a last des·

pe.rate atlempt to prove that the diSlUrb-

ances emanating from the oscillator were

ether vibrations akin to those of light. but

met again wit h utter failure. For more than

eifZhteen years I have been reading treat-

ises. reports of scientific transactions, and

articles on Herlz-wa\'e telegraph y, to keep

myself informed, but they have always im-

prest me like wo rk s of fi ction.

The history of science shows that theo-

ries are perishable. \Vith eve ry new truth

that is re \'ealed we ge l a better under-

standing of Nature and our conceptions

and views arc modified. Dr. Hertz did not

discove r a new principle. He merely gave

material support to a hypothesis which had

Maxwell's clet:tro-magnetic theory

scientific investigators all the world

ov er had beeu bent on its experi-

mental verification. They were con-

\'inced that it would be done and livM in

an atmosphere of eager expectancy, un-

~,."'

E l ec t r Ic T rantmlnlon Thru Two WIre. and

H ydra ull e Analog. F Ig. 3.

heliographic and subje<:t to the same or

evo:n greater limitations.

usually favorable to the reception of any

evidence to this end. No wonder then that

the puhliGition of Dr. H einrich Hertz's re-

sults caused a thrill as had scarcely ever

~n experienccd before. At that

III the spring of 1891 I gave my demon-

strations with a high f requency

machine before the American In -

stit ute of Electrical Engineers al

Columbia College, which laid the

foundation to a new and far more

promising deparlure. Altho the

laws of electrical resonance were

well known at that time and my

lamented friend, Dr . J ohn H op-

kinson, had even indicated their

speeific application to an alterna-

lor in the ProceedinJ<S of the In-

stitute of Electrical Engineers.

London, Kov. 13, 1889, nothing

had been done towards thc prac-

tical usc of this knowledge and

it is probable that th Ose experi-

ments of mine were the first pub-

lic exhibition with resonant cir-

cuits. more part,icularly of high

frequency. \\'hlle the spontane-

ous success of my lecture was

timc I was in the midst of press-

ing work in connection with the

commercial introduction of my

system of power transmission,

but, nevertheless, caught the fire

of enthusiasm and fairly burned

with desire to behold the miracle

wi th my own eyes. According-

ly, a s soon as I had freed myself

o f these imperative duties and

r esumed research work in my

laboratory on Grand Street, New

York, I began, parane! with

high frCCj.uen cy alternators, the

constructIOn of several forms of

apparatus with tlu: object of ex-

ploring th e field opened \IP by

Dr. Hertz. Re<:ogn izing the lim-

itations of the devices he had

employed, I concentrated my at-

len ti on on the prodnction of a

I N thi s r em arkable a mI co lll p l.cle s lO ry 01 his di.!covery 01 tloe

:hicfl mlt/s mi nio ll

and r ece ption , el'en in the pr ese nt day sys le m s, ar e baud, J )r.

1\·i/.:ola T e&Ia , /tOIl:! US II'at li e is indeed the MFather 01 the Wire.

I us." To Itim lloe He r'::; R '( n:e theory ioJ a (fef ll sion; it t ook, , ollnd

from cerlui" angtu, bu , I he lacts telld 10 wove tllat il is hollo w

and em lJly. 11 1'. co/willce! I II Illat the re(,1 lI e rl: 1(."(/tl e6 are blul/ed

out Il/fer II IC y "atle trav eled but a $ hort diSlan ce from tlo e ",-" der.

It lofloU't . lloer r.fo re, ,/out th e measured antenna c urrent is 110 indio

cation 01 the effect. b ecau ,e only a ,mali palt 01 it is effec ti ve '"

a dislanee. Th ll limiled a ctivity of pure li e n: reace tr an$mi.s.J ion

and r ecep l ion is here cfoorly expla ined , b l!l id u sllmt"ing d efi llild y

that in 'p ilf! of Ihem$e /, ;e6, Ihe radia en g ine en 01 II I( III Y lire

emplo)'i"g IIII'. origil/Ill T e$ llf , uned oscillutory ly & lem . li e , horCJ

by example, with diOerellt lorm, of aer illf$ tlou ' t lo e &ig ml/.$ Ilic ked

up by ,Ioe instru m en!.f IIU/..SI actualfy be i"duced by earllo curr en /.! -

not elh e ri c ' I/(jCll waves. T ula also d is proves Ihe M ll eaviside layer"

theory Irom I,is penonal ob'en 'ations and 1 e&U.

" True Wirel us" and Ill e principles UPfJIl

EDITOR .

due to spectacular features, its

chief import was in showing that

all Kinds of devices could be operated

thm a single wire without return.

powerfnl in duction coi l but made

no notable progrcss until a happy

in spiration led me to the inven tion of the

oscillation transformer. In the latter part

o f 1891 1 was already so far advanced in

the development of this new principle that

I had at my disposal means vastly superior

been long ago formulated. It was a per-

feetly well-established fact that a circuit.

traversed by a periodic current. emitted

some kind of space waves, but we were in

ignorance as 10 their character. He ap-

parelllly ga\'e an experimental proof that

they wen'; t ransversal vibrations in th e

ether. Most pwple look upon this a s hi ~

great accompli shment. To my lIlind it

Seems that his immortal merit was not so

much in this as in the focusing of the in-

vestigators' attention on the pr OCessC5 tak-

ing place in the ambient medium. Th e

Hertz.-wave theory, by il$ fascinating hold

on the imagination, has stifled creative ef-

fo rt in the wireless art and retarded it for

twcntr-five :rears. But, on the other hand,

it is ImpoSS Ible to over-estimate the bene-

ficial e ff ects of the powerful stimulus it

has given in ma ny directions.

As regards signaling without wires, the

This

-;r --{ '-'

Q:):'::: =- -

---:J

~ -

I_*,

Jec_~ ~~I;r=;

t h e Cln:ult Conn ectio n .

a n d TunI n g D ... lcu Employed by T es la In

H Is Ex per imental D emonltratlons lJ efol"1l the

Ame r 1c;> n In ltlt u h of E lec tr ical En g l nee...

Wllh th e H Igh F l"1Iquency Al tern"or Sho ..... n

In Fig. t. F Ig. 2.

to those o f the Ge r man phys ici st. All my

r. revious effort, with Rhumkorf (Oils had

D Ia g ra m

Itl u.t ~.t 1 n g

E lect r Ic Tr :tns m lulo n T h ru II S In g le WI,..

H ydraulic A n .log. F Ig. 4.

e ft me unconvinced, and in order to set-

tle my doubts 1 wenl over the whole ground

once more, very carefully, with thcse im-

was the initial !te~ in the evolution o f illY

wirele 5s system. The idea pre Sented itself

to me that it might be possible. under ob-

May, 19 19

ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER

number of radial improvements_ Suitable

high frequency generators and dcctricaJ os-

cillators had first to be prod~ The

energy of these had to be transformed in

effcct i n~ _

transmitters and collcct«l at a

distance in proper receivers. Such a sys-

tem would be manifestly cin:umscriJed m

its usefulnus if all extraneous inlttiu-

ence were: nOt prevented and excJu !;

IUultratlng T ypica l Arrlngemenu f or

CoUectlng E nergy In a SYlum Of Trlnl _

ml .. lo n T hru a Slngl" Wire. Fig. 5.

servance o f proper conditions of resonance,

to tran smit electric energy thru the earth,

th us dispensing with all artificial conductors.

Anyone who might wish to examine ilnpar-

tially the me rit of that earlr suggestion

must not "iew it in the light 0 present day

scie nce. I only need to say that as late as

1893, when I had prepared an elabdr.ue chap-

ter on my wireless system. dwelling on its

various instrumentali ti es and future pros-

pects, Mr. Joseph Wetzler and other friends

of mine emphatically proteSied against its

publication on the ground that such idle and

far-fetched speculations would ~n)ure me in

the opinion of conservative busmcn men.

So it came that only a small part of what

I had intended to say was embodied in my

address of that year before th e Franklin

Institute and National Electric Liltht As-

sociation under the chapter "On Electrical

secured. In time, however. 1 recognUed

that devices of this kind, to be most ~«1-

£Jnvkd",poci~

£ l e O'CfaJ~~

Ta 'a's Sya-tem of W lrelen T ranlmlnlo'"

Th", th. Earth as Actually Exposed In

H I, Lacturet Be for-e th e Frankli n In_

Itltute Ind Ele ctric Light "'"oclatlon In

I r

-,;,.,.

February and Mlrch, 1893 , F ig."

of a condenser subdidded into small sec·

tions. the fine r adju5tmrots being dlected

by a movable iron core: within an indllct·

ance coil. Loosely linked with the latter

was a high tension scocmdary which was

tuned to the primary.

The operation of devicC$

wire without return was punl;,!"

because of its novelty,

explained by suitabJi!,:_

.. 1~~,;

F.::;:

d '

"""),!k"'~

.. lo n Of E lect rical Energy T hru th"

Eart h a. IIlu lt r~ted In Tnla'i Lecture. B".

f ore the Franl(lIn Inltltute and E I"ct riC L ight

A ssocia t ion In F'bru~rl and March. 1893. an d

Mech anical Analog 0

1lih" ,

Tr~n.ml

,:",.",Iii;~

purpose refere nc e ';s

I n the former the I

cond uctors are

¥ii¥

Tho

th e

Same.

ive and efficient. should be de:signed with

due regard to the physical propertin of

this planet and t he electrical conditions

obtaininc on the: same. I will briefly touch

upon the salient ad"ances as they .... ere

made in the gradual deve:lopment of the

system.

The high frequency alterllator employed

in my first dellionstrations is illustrated in

Fig. 1. It comprised a field ring, with 384

pole projections and a d isc armature with

coils wound in one single layer which were:

connected in va rious ways according to re-

quirements. It was an excellent machine

for experimcntal purposes, furnishing sinu-

soidal currents of from I O,OClO to 20,000

cycles per s.econd, Th e output was com-

paratively large, due to the fact that as

much as 30 amperes per SQua re millimeter

could be past thru the co il s without injury.

The diag ram in Fig. 2 sh ows the circuit

a rrangeme:I\IS as used ill my lecture. Reso-

nant conditions were maintained by means

FI~.

... e"

Forerunne r of

Audlon - the

Se n sit iv e

Wlteletl D etector

Kn ow n. ae Oe ·

ICrlbed by T. I II In

HI, L ec tu re B efore

th. I nltltutlon Of

E lec tri cal En gl.

n. a r l. London,

Februar y, 1892.

Fi g. II.

ct a gr lm E lu cida t I ng Eff "ct of Ll rge Capac_

Ity on On e En d. Fig . 5.

Resonance." This little salvage from the

wreck has earned me the title of "Father

of the Wire:Jess" from many well-disposed

fellow workers, rather than the invention

of Kores of appliances which bave brought

wireless trans-

mission within

the reach of

every young

amateur a n d

which. >in a

time not dis-

tant, will lead

to undertak-

ings overshad·

owing in mag-

nitude and

importance all

past achieve-

menu of the

engineer.

The popular

impression is

that my wire·

less work was

begun in 1 893,

but as a mat-

ter of fact I

spent the two

prec e ding

years in inves-

tigation s. em-

ploying fonns

of apparatus,

some of which

were almost

like those of

today. It was

elear to me

from the very

start that the

successful

seclion , th e alternator by an oscillating

pi ston and the filament of an incandescent

lamp by a minute channel connecting the

pi pes. It will be clear from a glance at

the diagram that "ery slight excursions

of the piston wo uld cause the fluid to rush

with high ve-

locity thru the

small channel

and that vir·

tually all the

ene r gy of

movement

w ou ld be

t r a IIsfonned

into heat by

friction, si mi_

larly to that

of the electric

current in the

lamp filament.

The second

diagram will

now be self-

ex]) lanalory,

Corresponding

to the termi-

nal capacity of

the ele<:tric

syste:m an

elastic re se r-

v o ir is em-

plo)'C-d which

dispenses with

the

A,<lSb61. _.,..1/InU

f~ 01'1:'" ' Ill

_b~"-~""

".a~"'i'w_ .

necessity

,,=, b=:"'1.

" "QUC'>(y ar €U"aPI r

of a return

pipe. As the

piston oscil-

lales the bag

expands and

Cont ra cts, and

the fluid is

"""" ""'"'"

00'f:g" 18

"'Q_ .......... -

M>d

~ ",bNr~

made 10 surge

thru the re-

stricted pas-

sagewithgre:at

speed, thi. ",

con summa-

'11. 10.

tion could only

be brought

about by a

__ _

Tn la 's Syllem of Co n catenate.f T uned Clrcultl Shown ~nd Described tn U. S. P atent No. 568.178

S"ptember 22. 1896, ard ':orrespondlng ....... angementl In Wlrel ... Trantml,,'an,

in the generation of he>t u in the

incandesccnt lamp. Thooreticalh- consid-

ered, the efficicllcy of conveulon of energy

should be the samc in both c",_es,

Gralllcd, then, that an economic system

of power transmission thr u a single wire is

lions of the oscil lat or might be modified

tbm the 'immense extem of the globe the

principles involved arc the same.

Consider now the effect of such a con-

ductor of vast dimellsiOlls on a circuit ex-

ci ting it. The upper diagram of Fig. 6 il-

lu stra tes a familiar oscillating: liystem com-

prising a slr.light rod of sclf-mductancc 2L

with small terminal capacities (( and a node

in the center. In the lower diagram of the

figure a large capacity C is auached to the

rod at one end with the result of shifting

the node to the right. thru a distance cor-

res ponding to self-inductance X. As both

paru of the s}stem on either side of the

node vibrate at the sallie rate, v,c have c\·i-

suustance, is the system of toda~ ;and I a!ll.

n ot aware of a single authentical~ in-

stance of successful t ransmi,sion at eon-

5iderat~e

rc~uhing

distance hy different instrumen_

It might, vcrhaps, not be clear to

\ql; .... ~ ,

talities.

'i:

-,"',,,

... ; <,\7:,>:'>-

~ -.::..-=:::.~~:,\ :,~?-::.-;t

"'\'

/<~:;:;:?= i'~~:::3-<~>"

"" .. v.',. ' " '

\\\

If",'1

1,/,,-......::.:...

--,....

I: I

4q n

,'"

!1-4~

Tcsm four~JI''Cutf

tu"ui _,-deu SJU~

demly, (L + X) c = (L _ X) C from

1.,-

'fCln

' ! I

C-,

which X = L

c+,

pacily C becomes commen~urate to that of

the earth, X approximates L, in other

words, the noue is close to the ground con-

Ilcction. The I'X(l(/ detr'millPliulI of ils

po.dlioll is f.'Uy imparl/lilt {" tilt (01, .. /(1-

tian of ct rloin 11"'(,.Ilrilll rlrctrical (llid

geodetic dala and I have devised spedaJ

means with this purpose in view.

~Iy

When the ca-

Fig. H. D iagram E xplainIng th e Re_

lati on Between t he Effectille and the

Mea.u~d Curren t In the Antenna.

those who have perused my first descrip-

tion of'thcse improvemcnts that, besides

making known new and efficient types of

apparatus. r gave to the world a wire kss

system o f potentialities far beyond any-

thing before conceived.

I made explicit

Ifufz (}Self/c/oI' of

grwl t!nO!I,Y Ine H«''''f

original plan of tran smitting energy

without wires is shown in the upjl('r dia-

gram o f Fig. 7, while the lower one Dlm-

t rates its mechanical ana lo g, first publisht

in my article in the

A/IJ{jazillt' of

Jun e, 1900. An alternator, preferably of

high tension, has one of its terminals con-

neCled to the ground and the othe r to an

elevated capacrty and impresses its oscil-

lations upon the earth. At a distanl point

a receiving circuit, likewise connected to

ground and to an elevated capacit)', collects

some of the energy and actuates a suitable

device. I suggested a multiplication of

such units in o r der to intensify the effects,

an idea which may yet prove \'aluable. In

the analog two tuning forks arc provided,

one at the sending and the other at the re-

ceiving station, each having attached to its

lower prong a piston fitting in a cy linder.

The two cylinders communicate with a

large elastic resen ·o ir filled with an incom-

Ct'''''Jr~

•

Fig. 15. IIIUltr aUng One of the General E III _

dence. Aga ln . t the Space Walle Tranlmlulon.

and repeated statements that I

contem-

transmission, absolutely unlimited as

to terrestrial distance and amount of en·

ergy. Bm, altho 1 have oveTC{Jme all ob-

stacks which st'emcd in the beginning un·

surmountable and fowld elegant solutions

of all the problems which confronted me.

yet, e,'en at this very day, the majority of

experts are stiJI blind to the possibilitiu

which arc within easv attainment.

).Iy confi dence that a signal could be

easily flashed a r ound the globe waS

streng thened thru th e discovery of the " ro-

tating brush." a wonderful phenomenon

which I have fully dcscribed in my addreu

before the I nstitution of Electrical Engi-

neers. London. in 1892, and which is illus-

trated in Fig. 9. T his is undoubtedly the

most delica te wireless detector known, but

for a lo ng time it was hard to produce and

to maintain in th t' sensitive stat e. These

difficulties do not exist now and I am look-

ing to valua ble applicat'ions of this device,

particularly in connection with the high-

s~ed photographic method, which I sug-

gested, in wireless, a~ well as in wire, trans-

mission.

Possibly Ih e most important advances dur-

ing the follow';ng three or four years were

my system of concatenated tuned ci r cuia

plat~

F o ur Ctn;ult Tu ned Syltem Con_

W i th th e

Contemporanlo u ,

Hertz _

Walll Syltem, F ig. 11.

practicable, the question arises how to col-

lett the energy in the receilers. \Vith this

object attention is called to Fig. 5, in which

a co nductor is sho\\ n excited by an osdl-

la tor jo!ne~ t? it alone end. Evidently, as

the penodlc Impulses pa n Ihru the win ~ ,

uifferellces of potential will be created along

the same as we ll as at right angles to il

in the surrounding medium and either of

these may be usefully applied. Thus at a,

a circuit compr ising an inductance and (3-

padty is resonantly excited in the t rans-

verse, and at b, in the longitudinal sense.

At c, ener~,'y is collected in a circuit parallel

to Ihe conductor but not in contact wilh it,

and again at d, in a ci rcui t which is pa rtly

sunk into the conductor and may be, or

not, electrically connected to the same. It

is important to keep these typ ical disposi-

tions in mind. for howel'er the distant ac-

JiI~S21i~ ,.

','''/ .' /

---'-"- -',,-::" " ' .

k::W;::---- ·· ~~:>::~:\

f!li/I:!

\\\\'.\\

' ..

\\\ .. ··'\;'1

'\' \'

"'1"

11111',1,1

"::i):!

•

4_ ~ . au ;

1 111.1'

-_."", ,

-",.~

...:...--

. -'-- _.

.,.:;...., -

D iagram E xpol l ng the Fail icy 0' th e G liding

Walle Th eory

Wlrel .. 1

P ropounded

T ext B ookl. Fig. 11.

pressible fluid. The vibr ations transmitted

to either of the tuning forks excite them

by resonance and, thru electrical contacts

or otherwise. bring about the desired re-

sult. This, I may say, was not a mere

mechanical illustratiOll, but a simple rep-

resentation of my apparatus for submarine

si/{naling. perfected bf me in 1892, but not

appreci ated at that time, altho more effi-

cit'nt than the instruments now in us e.

The electric diagram in Fig. 7, which

was reproduced from my lecture. was

meant only for the exposition of the prin-

ciple. The i'rrangement. as I described it

in detail, is sh own in Fig. 8. In this case

an alternator energizes the primary of a

transfonner, the high tension secondary of

which is connected to the ground and an

dented capacity and tuned to the imprest

oscillations. The receiving circuit consists

of an inductance connected to the f,:round

and to an elevatcd terminal without brea k

and is resonantly responsive to the trans-

mitted oscillations. A specific form of re·

cciving de"ice was not mentioned, but I

had in mind to transform the recei" ed cur·

rents and thus make their \'ohlme and ten-

sion suitable for any purp ose,

Fig. 16. Showlnll Un lmporUnce of Rel.;n·lle

Po.ltlon o f Tr an.mlUln g and Re cellling An_

tennae

D llprollal

the

Hertz·w.lve

Th eo r y.

and methods of r egulation, now univer_al_

adopted. The in timate bearing of th e"C :n-

l'C'ntions on the development of the wirele·

art will appear from Fig. 10, which illu--

(COnl;'JUCd 0/1 page (1)

Arrangementl Qf D l re ~(I"e Clrc u 1ts

D ncrlbed In Tnla', U. S. Patent No.

613,8011 01 NOllember 8. 189l1, on

"Method of and Apparatul for Con_

lroiling Mech.nl l m

Moving Vu-

o f

.. II or Vehlcl et." Fig. 12.

This, in

May, 19 19

Th e T rue Wireless

By Niko{fJ TU/fJ

(ColllilllUd from page 30)

trates an a rrangement des<:ribed in my U. S.

Patent No. 5681 78 of September 22, 1 896,

and corresponding dispositions of wireless

apparatus. The captions of the individual

diagrams are thought sufficiently explicit to

dispense with further comment. I will

merely remark that in this early record. in

addition to indicating how any number of

resonant circuits may be linked and regu-

lated, I ha"e shown the advantage of the

pro~r

timing of primary impnlses and use

of ha r monics. In a farClcai wi reless suit in

London, some engineers. reckless of their

reputation, have claimed that my circuits

were not at all attuned; in fact they as-

serted that I had looked upon resonallce as

a sort of wild alld ull tamable beast!

It will be of interest to I;ompare my sys-

tem as fin! deSl; ribed in a Belgian palent

of 1 897 with the H ertz-wave system of that

period. The signifil; all t di ffe rences between

them will be observed at a glance. The

firs t enables liS to transmit economically

energy to ally distance and is o f inestimable

value; the latter is capable o f a radius of

ouly a few miles and is worthless. t n the

first there are no spark-gaps and the al;tion s

are C'normously magnifiC'd by resonance. In

both transmitter and recei"er the currents

are transformed and rendered morc effec-

ti,'e and suitable fo r the operation of any

desired de"ice. Properly constructed, my

system is safe against static and other in-

terference and the amount of energy which

may be trans mitt cd is billiolu of Ii/lit:

greater than with the H ertzian which has

1I0ne of these \'irtues, has ne\'er been used

successfully and of which no t race can be

found at prese nt.

A well -adve rtised expert ga"e out a sta te-

ment in 1899 that my apparatus d id not

work and that it would take 200 yea rs be-

fo re a ml;ssage would be flashed across the

Atianl'iI; and he eve n accepted stolidly my

congratulations on a supposed great feat.

But subsequent exami na tion of the records

showed that my devices were secrt'lly used

all the t ime and ever since I learned o f this

I ha ve trea ted these Borgia-Medici methods

..... ith the con tempt in

..... hich th ey arc held

by all

fa ir-min ded men.

T he who les al e

o f my inve nti ons was, how-

ever, no t al ways without a dive rting side.

A s an example 10 the point I may ment ion

my osciilalion tr ansfonner operating wi th

an ai r ga p. T his was in tu rn re placed by

a carbon are, quenched gap. an atmosphere

o f hydrogen. ar gon o r helium. by a me-

chanical break ..... ith oppositely rotating

members, a mer cury interrupter or some

kind of a vacuum bulb and by such t Ollrs

de fo~(t as many new "systems" ha"e been

-produced. I refer to th lS of course. with-

out the slightest ill-feeling, let us ad,'ance

by all tn('ans. But I cannot help thinking

how much be tt e r it would ha\'e been if the

ingenious men, ..... ho have originated these

"systems," had 4n\'emfii something of their

own instead of de~nding on me altogether.

Before 19(X) two mos t "aluable improve-

ments were made. One of tbese was my

individualized system wilh tr.l nsmitters emit-

ting a wave-.::omplex and recei\'ers compris-

ing s('parate tuned elements eoOperatn'el,y

associate d. The unde rl ying principle can be

explained in a few words. Suppose that

there are II simple vibrations swtable for

use in wireless tra nsmission, the probabil-

ity that anyone tnne 'l\' ilI be str uc k by an

app r opr ia~ i OIl

extraneous disturbance is -

There will

then r emain 11-1 vibrations and the chance

that one of tlleSe will be excited is _ _ ,

II - I

hence the probability that two tune$ would

[

•

be str llck at the sam e time is

. Sim-

' 1I~1)

Harly, for a combina tion of three the chance

and so on. It will be

will be

n ( n-I ) (11 -2)

rea d ily seen th at in this ma nner a ny desired

degre e of safety against the sta tics o r other

kind of disturbance can be a ttained pro-

vided the Te1:eiving apparatus is so designed

that its oper .ttioll is possible only I hru the

joint aCiion of all the tutled e lcmcnL. This

was a difficult problem which I have suc-

cessfully solved so that now auy desired

mUllb .. r of simultalli'ous messages is prac-

!icable in the Inmsmi.uioll IIrru the eorlh as

wi'll as thrrl artifi cial rOllductol's.

The other invention. of still g reater 1m-

partance, is a peculiar o scill ator enabling

the t ransmis s ion of energy witho ut wires

in any quantity that may ever be require!1

for illuustrial use, to any distance, and with

very hiGh ec ono my. l t was the ou tcome

of years of systematic stu dy and investiga-

ti on and wonders will be achieved by its

means.

Th e prevailing misconception of the mech-

anism involved in the wireless transmis-

sion has been resp-onsible for various

unwarranted ;lIlnO\lncements which have

misled the public a nd worked hann. Bv

keerJing s teadily ill mind that the tran smi i-

~iun

thru the earth is in every respect

identical to that t hm a s traight wire, o ne

will gain a cle ar understanding o f the phe-

no me lla and wi!! be ab le to jud~e correctly

lhe merits of a new scheme. \Vlthout v."; sh-

ing to det r act from the value of any plan

that has been put forwa rd 1 may say t hat

they a re devoid of llOvelty. So for i ns t an ,e

in Fig. 12 arrangem e nts of tr a nsmittin¥" and

re<: e i"ing circuits arc illustrated. whICh I

have describe d in my U. S. Patent No.

613809 of November 8, 1898 011 a 1lethod

of and Apparatus for ControUi.ng Mechan-

ism of Mol'ing Vessels or Vehicles, and

which ha\ 'e been r ecently di s hed up as orig -

inal disc over ies. I n other pat en ts a nd tet:h-

nical publi cations I have suggested conduc -

tors in the groun d as one of the: obvio\1~

modifications in dicat ed in Fig. S.

F or the sa me re a son the statics are slil1

die ba ne o f lhe wireless. There is aoout

as milch vi r tue in the remedies recenth '

p roposed as in hair·restorers . A .mwll aud

compact apparatu.r has b.-nt prodl/crd which

does ·au'IlY eulir.-l" witlt tltis trouble

least in plants smiably remodelJcd. '

Xo thi ng is more impor tant in the pr e sent

!)hase of development of the wireless art

than to dispose of the d o minating erroneous

ideas. With this objcct I shal1 advanc e a

few a r~uments ha sed on my own observa-

tions which prm/{' Illal Hert:; ~MVI'S hov l!

little 10 do witlt the r ('sulls obtailied

1!t.'CII

at S11l0/l disto.,,/!.!.

In Fig. 13 a transmitter is shown radi a t-

ing space wav e s of cO'l si derable frequency.

It is general1), believed that these wave~

fI~sS

along the ear th's surface and thus affect

tile receiv ers. I can hardly think of any-

thing mo re improba ble than this "g li ding

wave" theor}' and t he c oncepti on of the

"guided wi.reless" which are contrary to all

laws of actio n and reaction. \Vhy should

these disturban ces cling to a conduclor

whe re t hev are counteracted by induced cur-

r ents , when they can pr op agate in all other

directions unimped ed? The fa ct is that the

radiations of the transmitter passing along

the earth's surface are soon extin g uished.

Ihe height. of. the inactive zone indicated in

the diagram. bein g some function of the

wave length. the bulk of the waves trave r s-

ing freely the a tmosphere. Terres t rial phe-

n ome na which I have noted conclusively

show that there is no Hta v isidr layer., or if

it exists, it is of no effect. It certain!)'

would be unfortunate if the human race

were thus <imprisoned and for ever without

!lOwe r to reach 011t into the def)ths of space.

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