Encyclopedia of Christmas and New Year's Celebrations.pdf

CHRISTMAS

and New Year’s

Celebrations

2nd Edition

Encyclopedia of

CHRISTMAS

and New Year’s

Celebrations

2nd Edition

O ver 240 Alphabetically Arranged Entries Covering

Christmas, New Year’s, and Related Days of

Observance, Including Folk and Religious Customs,

History, Legends, and Symbols from Around the World.

Supplemented by a Bibliography and Lists of Christmas

Web Sites and Associations, as well as an Index

Tanya Gulevich

Illustrated by Mary Ann Stavros-Lanning

615 Griswold • Detroit, Michigan 48226 • 313-961-1340

2003

Encyclopedia of

Helene Henderson, Copy Editor

Barry Puckett, Research Associate

Allison A. Beckett and Linda Strand, Research Assistants

Omnigraphics, Inc.

* * *

Matthew P. Barbour, Senior Vice President

Kay Gill, Vice President — Directories

Kevin Hayes, Operations Manager

Leif Gruenberg, Development Manager

David P. Bianco, Marketing Consultant

* * *

Peter E. Ruffner, Publisher

Frederick G. Ruffner, Jr., Chairman

ISBN 0-7808-0625-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gulevich, Tanya.

Encyclopedia of Christmas and New Year’s celebrations : over 240 alphabetically

arranged entries covering Christmas, New Year’s, and related days of observance,

including folk and religious customs, history, legends, and symbols from around the

world / Tanya Gulevich ; illustrated by Mary Ann Stavros-Lanning.

p. cm.

Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of Christmas. 2000.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7808-0625-5

1. Christmas—Encyclopedias. 2. New Year—Encyclopedias. I. Gulevich, Tanya.

Encyclopedia of Christmas. II. Title.

GT4985.G79 2003

394.261— dc21

2003040580

You may copy the designs and illustrations for classroom and library use free of charge and

without special permissions. Electronic or mechanical reproduction, including photography,

recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system for the purpose of resale is

strictly prohibited without permission in writing from the publisher.

The information in this publication was compiled from the sources cited and from other

sources considered reliable. While every possible effort has been made to ensure reliability, the

publisher will not assume liability for damages caused by inaccuracies in the data, and makes

no warranty, express or implied, on the accuracy of the information contained herein.

This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the ANSI Z39.48 Standard. The infinity symbol

that appears above indicates that the paper in this book meets that standard.

Printed in the United States

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Adam and Eve Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Advent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Advent Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Advent Candle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Advent Wreath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

America, Christmas in Colonial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

America, Christmas in Nineteenth-Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Amish Christmas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Angels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Annunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Armenia, Christmas in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

“Auld Lang Syne” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Australia, Christmas in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Baboushka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Baby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Barring Out the Schoolmaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Befana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Bells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Berchta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Bethlehem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Christmas in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Birth of the Invincible Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Black Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Boar’s Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Boxing Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

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