Lucent Library of Science and Technology. Exploring Mars.pdf

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Exploring

Mars

by Peggy J. Parks

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© 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation.

Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale and Lucent Books are registered trademarks used

herein under license.

For more information, contact

Lucent Books

27500 Drake Rd.

Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535

Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by

any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web dis-

tribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.

Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Parks, Peggy J., 1951–

Exploring Mars / Peggy J. Parks.

p. cm. — (Lucent library of science & technology)

Summary: Describes early and current studies of Mars and the future of human

exploration of the planet.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-59018-636-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Mars (Planet)—Exploration. I. Title. II. Series: Lucent library of science and

technology.

QB641.P37 2004

629.43’543—dc22

2004010554

Printed in the United States of America

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Table of Contents

Foreword

4

Introduction

7

The Mysterious Red Planet

Chapter 1

11

Early Observations and Beliefs

Chapter 2

27

An Earth-Like World

Chapter 3

42

The Space Race

Chapter 4

58

An Era of Discovery

Chapter 5

76

Mars in the Future

Notes

93

Glossary

96

For Further Reading

98

Works Consulted

100

Index

106

Picture Credits

111

About the Author

112

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Foreword

“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years

than in any other century in history. The reason is not

political or economic, but technological—technologies

that flowed directly from advances in basic science.”

— Stephen Hawking, “A Brief History

of Relativity,” Time, 2000

T he twentieth-century scientific and technological

revolution that British physicist Stephen Hawking

describes in the above quote has transformed virtually

every aspect of human life at an unprecedented pace.

Inventions unimaginable a century ago have not only

become commonplace but are now considered neces-

sities of daily life. As science historian James Burke

writes, “We live surrounded by objects and systems

that we take for granted, but which profoundly affect

the way we behave, think, work, play, and in general

conduct our lives.”

For example, in just one hundred years, transporta-

tion systems have dramatically changed. In 1900 the

first gasoline-powered motorcar had just been intro-

duced, and only 144 miles of U.S. roads were hard-

surfaced. Horse-drawn trolleys still filled the streets of

American cities. The airplane had yet to be invented.

Today 217 million vehicles speed along 4 million miles

of U.S. roads. Humans have flown to the moon and

commercial aircraft are capable of transporting passen-

gers across the Atlantic Ocean in less than three hours.

The transformation of communications has been

just as dramatic. In 1900 most Americans lived and

worked on farms without electricity or mail delivery.

Few people had ever heard a radio or spoken on a tele-

phone. A hundred years later, 98 percent of American

4

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