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Connecting X Terminals to Linux Mini-HOWTO
Connecting X Terminals to Linux Mini−HOWTO
Salvador J. Peralta
<
speralta@willamette dot edu
>
Revision History
Revision 1.2 release
2003−05−20
Revised by: sjp
Added more information on XFS and XDM configuration.
Revision 1.0 release
2002−12−21
Revised by: sjp
First official release. Removed old revision logs.
This Mini−HOWTO describes how to connect X Terminals with a Linux host using nfs, xfs, xdm and xdmcp.
Additionally, the document discusses configuration recommendations to optimize Linux for use as a host
system on a network of thin clients. The most current version can be obtained
here
.
Connecting X Terminals to Linux Mini−HOWTO
Table of Contents
1. Copyright.
........................................................................................................................................................1
2. Introduction.
....................................................................................................................................................2
2.1. What is XFree86.
..............................................................................................................................2
2.2. What is an X Terminal?.
...................................................................................................................2
2.3. Infrastructure Overview.
...................................................................................................................2
3. Host Environment.
..........................................................................................................................................3
3.1. Hardware.
..........................................................................................................................................3
3.2. Software.
...........................................................................................................................................3
4. Basic Host Configuration.
..............................................................................................................................4
4.1. Configuring NFS.
..............................................................................................................................4
4.2. Configuring XDM.
............................................................................................................................4
4.3. Configuring Xaccess.
........................................................................................................................5
4.4. Configuring Host Access.
.................................................................................................................5
4.5. Configuring the X Font Server
.........................................................................................................5
4.6. Configuring the X Session.
...............................................................................................................6
5. Advanced Host Configuration.
......................................................................................................................7
5.1. Setting User and Group Limits.
........................................................................................................7
5.2. More Limits.
.....................................................................................................................................7
6. Client Configuration.
......................................................................................................................................9
6.1. The Boot Process.
.............................................................................................................................9
7. Additional Resources.
...................................................................................................................................10
7.1. Linux Howto's.
................................................................................................................................10
7.2. Man Pages.
......................................................................................................................................10
7.3. Linux Guides.
..................................................................................................................................10
7.4. Books.
.............................................................................................................................................10
8. Errata.
............................................................................................................................................................11
8.1. System Versions.
............................................................................................................................11
8.2. Disclaimer.
......................................................................................................................................11
8.3. Feedback.
........................................................................................................................................11
8.4. Credits.
............................................................................................................................................11
i
1. Copyright
Copyright (c) 2002−2003 Salvador Peralta
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front−Cover Texts, and no Back−Cover Texts.
1. Copyright
1
2. Introduction
This section provides a brief introduction to the X Window System and the client server model for X
terminals and their Linux−based host systems.
2.1. What is XFree86
XFree86 is an Open Source implementation of the X Windows System (X). It provides a client−server
interface between mouse, keyboard, video display, and a windowed desktop environment. Because X is
network transparent, client programs can be run on a different host machine than the one on which an X
Server resides.
The XFree86 bundle includes a large array of programs including a terminal emulator, clocks, and a mail
interface. This document will focus exclusively on the portions of XFree86 required for maintaining an X
Session between an X Terminal and a Linux host. These are the X Display Manager, xdm, an access control
programs and the X Font Server, xfs.
2.2. What is an X Terminal?
X Terminals are diskless networked microcomputers. These systems will generally consist of mouse, monitor,
keyboard, RAM, battery−powered NVRAM, and secondary ports for connecting peripheral devices such as
printer, bar code scanner, etc. Because they are diskless, X Terminals load their operating system,
configuration information, and fonts into memory from a host machine running nfs or tftp, and xfs.
The Operating System of an X Terminal will provide basic administrative interface for configuration
parameters such as tcp, xdmcp, font path, boot path, and other host−related configurations. It's primary
function, however, is to act as an X Server which exchanges mouse, keyboard, and other display information
with client applications loaded on a remote host.
2.3. Infrastructure Overview
The canonical way of deploying X Terminal systems on an IP−based network is to use the Bootstrap protocol,
bootp, to provide client and host ip addresses and to request a bootable image to mount the operating system.
Clients may also store this information from their own NVRAM which mitigates the need for fetching it off of
a network. NFS or TFTP is utilized to load the os image and system fonts into RAM on the client machine.
XDM provides ip−based authentication and management of the display session using XDMCP. XFS may
optionally be run on the host to provide anti−aliasing fonts to the client system (highly recommended). TCP is
commonly the transport layer for all client−server interaction.
2. Introduction
2
3. Host Environment
In an X environment, a host is a system that provides resources for an X Server. In a diskless workstation
environment, the services provided by a host system will generally include session authentication using xauth
and xhost, session management using xdm, file transfer services such as nfs and tftp which provide system
fonts and a bootable image to be loaded into the X Terminal's RAM, and windowed client applications (e.g.,
Mozilla, Open Office).
3.1. Hardware
Our environment consists of 25 diskless workstations with 15 workstations using Mozilla, 6 worsktations
utilizing a proprietary graphical application written in Java, and 4 workstations with an application running
under a terminal emulator.The 6 java−based workstations use Gnome as their desktop environment. The
remaining 19 workstations use FVWM2. To support that environment, we use 2 dual processor pentium 3's.
One system has 1 gig of ram, the other has 500 megs. We have found that the stations running Gnome and
Java use dramatically more memory and cpu than the stations running Mozilla.
3.2. Software
In order to use Linux as a host for a network of thin client workstations, you will want to get the latest release
of the the XFree86 X Windows System, FVWM2, and nfs−utils. Assuming that you are using an RPM−based
distribution, you will want the following packages: Xfree86−font−utils, Xfree86−libs, Xfree86−devel,
Xfree86, Xfree86−truetype−font, Xfree86−xdm, Xfree86−base−fonts, nfs−utils, fvwm2, fvwm2−icons. To
verify installed packages on an rpm−based distribution such as Redhat, you can use "rpm−qa | grep
(packagename)". To install or update those packages simply download them from their maintainer or from
your installation media with and "rpm −Uvh (packagename)". Alternately, you can use a graphical front end
to rpm such as gnoRPM to maintain the required packages are installed on your system. For debian−based
systems, or for Gentoo, please consult your system documentation on apt−get and portage, respectively.
3. Host Environment
3
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