Science - Jan.30 2009.pdf - Science Magazine - rx11fs

CONTENTS

Volume 323 Issue 5914

EDITORIAL

561 U.S.-China S&T at 30

Norman P. Neureiter and Tom C. Wang

583 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS

583 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS

BOOKS ET AL.

584 Science on the Air

M. C. LaFollette, reviewed by A. J. Wolfe

585 Human

M. S. Gazzaniga, reviewed by R. Adolphs

NEWS OF THE WEEK

568 Celebration and Concern Over U.S. Trial

of Embryonic Stem Cells

569 Early Start for Human Art? Ochre May

Revise Timeline

570 European Science Not As Intense As Hoped

570 Iraq Museum May Reopen Amid Controversy

571 A Stimulus for Science

572 Report Calls for Fresh Look at What

Happens Outside School

572 Fingerprints Enhance the Sense of Touch

>> Science Express Report by J. Scheibert et al.

573 How Sorghum Withstands Heat and Drought

EDUCATION FORUM

586 Learning and Scientific Reasoning

L. Bao et al.

PERSPECTIVES

588 The Force Is with Us

M. A. Schwartz

>> Reports pp. 638 and 642

589 Transforming Graphene

A. Savchenko

>> Report p. 610

590 An Abnormal Normal State

G. S. Boebinger

>> Research Article p. 603

592 Pores in Place

F. D. Sack and J.-G. Chen

>> Report p. 649

593 Unfolding the Secrets of Calmodulin

R. B. Best and G. Hummer

>> Report p. 633

594 The Key to Pandora' s Box

P. A. Stevenson

>> Report p. 627

page 574

NEWS FOCUS

574 Seeds of Discontent

>> Science Podcast

576 DOD Funds New Views on Conflict With Its

First Minerva Grants

578 Beset by Delays, U.S. Astronomers Ponder

a Better ` To Do' List

Priorities Nearer to Home in Need of Better

Cost Estimates

580 HPV Casts a Wider Shadow

LETTERS

582 Systems Politics and Political Systems

H. Ashrafian

Scientists Not Immune to Partisanship

D. H. Guston et al.

Law and Science Not Mutually Exclusive

D. D. deRosier

Credit for Coauthors

N. T. Hagen

Response

C. H. Sekercioglu

REVIEW

602 Sudden Death of Entanglement

T. Yu and J. H. Eberly

page 584

BREVIA

602 Facile Synthesis of AsP 3

B. M. Cossairt et al.

The question of the stability of solid AsP 3 , a

simple inorganic molecule, has been settled

by its synthesis.

CONTENTS continued >>

COVER

Desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria , are normally solitary and

avoid each other (green individual, lower right). Forced proximity

between them leads to the release of the neurotransmitter

serotonin, which changes their behavior to mutual attraction

and initiates a cascade of events leading to swarm formation,

including a change in appearance (black and yellow group).

See page 627.

DEPARTMENTS

559 This Week in Science

562 Editors' Choice

564 Science Staff

565 Random Samples

567 Newsmakers

596 AAAS News & Notes

655 New Products

656 Science Careers

Image: Tom Fayle, Swidbert Ott, and Stephen Rogers/University

of Cambridge

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Published by AAAS

CONTENTS

RESEARCH ARTICLE

603 Anomalous Criticality in the Electrical

Resistivity of La 2± x Sr x CuO 4

R. A. Cooper et al.

High magnetic fields can strip away the

superconducting regime of a cuprate

superconductor, revealing the presence

of an enigmatic quantum critical point.

>> Perspective p. 590

630 Survival from Hypoxia in C. elegans

by Inactivation of Aminoacyl-tRNA

Synthetases

L. L. Anderson et al.

Reduced activity of aminoacyl± transfer RNA

synthetases allows for survival from hypoxic

insult in the nematode C. elegans .

633 Ligand-Dependent Equilibrium Fluctuations

of Single Calmodulin Molecules

J. P. Junker et al.

Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals the

equilibrium dynamics of calmodulin folding

and how it is modulated by peptide ligands.

>> Perspective p. 593

638 Stretching Single Talin Rod Molecules

Activates Vinculin Binding

A. del Rio et al.

Force-induced stretching of proteins can

expose previous cryptic binding sites and

promote binding to their ligands.

>> Perspective p. 588

642 Mechanically Activated Integrin Switch

Controls α 5 β 1 Function

J. C. Friedland et al.

Myosin contraction and extracellular matrix

stiffness drive a tension-induced cell-surface

integrin switch that regulates cell signaling.

>> Perspective p. 588

644 A Human Telomerase Holoenzyme Protein

Required for Cajal Body Localization and

Telomere Synthesis

A. S. Venteicher et al.

Telomerase Cajal body protein 1 (TCAB1)

is the fourth discovered subunit of the

chromosome end-capping enzyme telomerase.

649 PAN1: A Receptor-Like Protein That

Promotes Polarization of an Asymmetric

Cell Division in Maize

H. N. Cartwright et al.

Asymmetric cell division in plants is regulated

by a receptor-like kinase, implicating a

signaling cascade in cell polarization.

>> Perspective p. 592

651 Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Is Required

for Neuregulin-Regulated Schwann Cell

Differentiation

S.-C. Kao et al.

The cell signaling components

calcineurin/NFATc and Sox10 control

Schwann cell myelination.

REPORTS

607 Revealing the Maximum Strength

in Nanotwinned Copper

L. Lu et al.

Studies of nanocrystalline copper reveal

changes in deformation mechanisms with grain

size and the role played by twin boundaries.

610 Control of Graphene' s Properties by

Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence

for Graphane

D. C. Elias et al.

Graphene can be transformed from a conductor

to an insulator by exposure to hydrogen atoms

and reversed by a thermal treatment.

>> Perspective p. 589

614 Dynamical Quorum Sensing and

Synchronization in Large Populations

of Chemical Oscillators

A. F. Taylor et al.

Communication between chemical oscillators

in solution can mimic that of large populations

of single-celled organisms.

617 Single Nanocrystals of Platinum Prepared

by Partial Dissolution of Au-Pt Nanoalloys

M. Schrinner et al.

Gold-platinum nanoparticles, held in polymer

networks on latex beads, are converted into

platinum nanocrystals.

620 Cascadia Tremor Located Near Plate

Interface Constrained by S Minus P Wave

Times

M. La Rocca et al.

A series of microearthquakes near Puget

Sound originate near or on the subduction

zone fault from a recurrent source.

623 Divergent Evolution of Duplicate Genes

Leads to Genetic Incompatibilities Within

A. thaliana

D. Bikard et al.

The divergent evolution of a duplicated gene

results in genetic incompatibilities between

strains of the plant Arabidopsis .

627 Serotonin Mediates Behavioral

Gregarization Underlying Swarm

Formation in Desert Locusts

M. L. Anstey et al.

Serotonin induces the phenotypic switch

from solitary to gregarious behavior in

desert locusts.

>> Perspective p. 594; Science Podcast

page 589 & 610

page 590 & 603

CONTENTS continued >>

page 614

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Published by AAAS

CONTENTS

SCIENCE ONLINE

SCIENCE XPRESS

www.sciencexpress.org

A Role for RNAi in the Selective Correction

of DNA Methylation Defects

et al.

An RNA interference± dependent DNA methylation

rescue system helps to preserve a subset of DNA

methylation marks in Arabidopsis.

10.1126/science.1165313

The Role of Fingerprints in the Coding of Tactile

Information Probed with a Biomimetic Sensor

et al.

Fingertip ridges improve the tactile perception

of fine features.

>> News story p. 572

10.1126/science.1166467

Zircon Dating of Oceanic Crustal Accretion

et al.

Zircon dates from the slow-spreading mid-Atlantic

Ridge show that magmatic intrusions formed new

oceanic crust regularly and evenly, thereby providing

cooling times.

10.1126/science.1167330

Inducing a Magnetic Monopole with Topological

Surface States

et al.

A magnetic monopole is theoretically predicted to be

induced at the surface of a topological insulator.

10.1126/science.1167747

SCIENCE SIGNALING

www.sciencesignaling.org

The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment

EDITORIAL GUIDE: Freedom of Materials

Intellectual property concerns bring into conflict data

sharing and accessibility of materials.

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Direct Response to

Notch ActivationÐ Signaling Crosstalk

and Incoherent Logic

˘ et al.

Identification of the direct target genes of Notch

reveals complex input into multiple signaling

pathways that goes beyond coordination of

transcriptional networks.

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Differential Requirement of

mTOR in Postmitotic Tissues and Tumorigenesis

et al.

Conditional inactivation of mTor has little effect in the

adult mouse prostate, but it suppresses tumor

initiation and progression.

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Characterization of the

Intrinsic and TSC2-GAP± Regulated GTPase

Activity of Rheb by Real-Time NMR

et al.

An NMR-based assay enables real-time analysis of the

GTPase activity of Rheb and of the effect of its

GTPase-activating protein TSC2.

RESEARCH ARTICLE: EGFR Signals to mTOR

Through PKC and Independently of Akt in Glioma

et al.

Akt is dispensable for signaling between EGFR and

mTOR in glioma cells, whereas PKC is critical.

PERSPECTIVE: Grab Your Partner with

Both HandsÐ Cytoskeletal Remodeling

by Arp2/3 Signaling

Dimerization provides an additional layer of

regulation to the activity of a family of

actin-nucleating factors.

PODCAST

Leptin secreted by adipose tissue decreases insulin

production through both direct and indirect

mechanisms.

NETWATCH: iBioSeminars

View seminars from leading cell biology researchers;

in Web Broadcasts.

NETWATCH: Foldit

A computer game teaches students about the energet-

ics and dynamics of protein folding; in Educator Sites.

SCIENCE CAREERS

www.sciencecareers.org/career_magazine

Free Career Resources for Scientists

Women M.D.-Ph.D.' s: Life in the Trenches

Physician-scientists urge a focus on solutions, not

problems, to advance women in academic medicine.

Perspective: Ensuring Retention of Women in

Physician-Scientist Training

Why do more women than men drop out of M.D.-Ph.D.

programs?

Feet on the Ground, Head in the Sky

Spain' s Juan A. Añel has quickly established himself

in the field of atmospheric physics.

SCIENCE PODCAST

www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast

Free Weekly Show

Download the 30 January Science Podcast to hear

about the influence of serotonin on swarming

behavior, predicting protests in China, your letters

to Science , and more.

ORIGINS BLOG

blogs.sciencemag.org/origins

A History of Beginnings

TECHNICAL COMMENTS

Comment on ª Arsenic (III) Fuels Anoxygenic

Photosynthesis in Hot Spring Biofilms from

Mono Lake, Californiaº

et al.

full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/

5914/583c

Response to Comment on ª Arsenic(III) Fuels

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis in Hot Spring Biofilms

from Mono Lake, Californiaº

et al.

full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/

5914/583d

SCIENCE INSIDER

blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider

Science Policy News and Analysis

SCIENCE SIGNALING

Specifying muscle.

SCIENCE NOW

www.sciencenow.org

Highlights From Our Daily News Coverage

A Millennia-Long Greenhouse Disaster

The physics of global warming would make for

essentially irreversible global damage.

No Feces for This Species

Dung beetle gives up excrement for the life of a

hunter.

Death March of the Penguins?

Shrinking sea ice may decimate penguin population

that starred in 2005 movie.

SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week

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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 323 30 JANUARY 2009

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Published by AAAS

EDITORIAL

U.S.-China S&T at 30

Norman P. Neureiter is

director of the Center

for Science, Technology,

and Security Policy at

the American Associa-

tion for the Advance-

ment of Science (AAAS),

Washington, DC.

IN 1972, THE SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUE OF PRESIDENT NIXON AND CHINESE PREMIER ZHOU ENLAI

ended 23 years of isolation between the United States and China. Tucked into a single sentence

was a brief reference to cooperation in science and technology (S&T). Visits by scientists and

scholars then gradually increased, guided on the U.S. side by the nongovernmental National

Academy of Sciences. Six years later, and presaging formal diplomatic relations in 1979, came

the breakthrough science diplomacy mission of the President' s Science Advisor Frank Press,

accompanied by representatives of nearly every technical federal agency. That trip laid the

groundwork for the formal Agreement on Cooperation in S&T, signed exactly 30 years ago this

week by President Carter and the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping.

The new U.S. president firmly believes in the power of science to address domestic and

global challenges, making this 30th anniversary year an excellent time to assess the U.S.-China

S&T relationship and ensure that it is on the right track for the future.

These ties have come a long way. Over a million Chinese students have

studied at U.S. universities, some two-thirds of them in S&T. Many have

stayed, and today about 8% of science and engineering Ph.D.s in the

United States were born in China.* In recent years, almost 40% of

Chinese science and engineering articles in international journals have

had U.S. coauthors, and almost 8% of U.S. international papers have had

Chinese coauthors. In 2004, $622 million of China' s total R&D was

performed by U.S.-owned companies and affiliates in China. With the

exception of one areaÐ space explorationÐ research cooperation

between universities as well as government labs is broad and diverse.

Furthermore, China has declared that its path to the future will be driven

largely by S&T, and it is making the needed commitments to education,

facilities, and research.²

However, the overall relationship with China is not without tensions. The massive U.S. trade

deficit is equated with the loss of U.S. jobs, the alleged manipulation of currency exchange rates,

and concerns over U.S. competitiveness. China' s economic boom and soaring demand for

resources (now easing) could be a source of future conflict. Taiwan remains an area of potential

confrontation. And China' s increasing investment in its military has raised concerns, being used

in the United States to justify more investment in new weapons and defense systems. China is

also in a special category for U.S. visas and export controls, due to a controversial 1999 U.S. con-

gressional report charging China with espionage in nuclear and missile technologies. Despite

being America' s principal creditor, the Chinese have concerns about U.S. long-term intentions

toward Asia and their country. There is a level of mistrust on both sides.

Science provides a common language that can help bridge cultures and serve to lessen mistrust

and increase transparency. The Obama administration should work to raise S&T cooperation with

China to a new level of partnership. The existing Joint S&T Commission, chaired by the Presi-

dent' s Science Advisor and China' s S&T minister, should meet annually (instead of every 2

years), and the 2009 meeting should lay out a 10-year plan of cooperative research focused on

global challenges faced by both countries, including climate change, energy, food, health, and

security. On the U.S. side, new funds will be needed to complement the agencies' domestic pro-

grams in these areas. The United States must also ensure that all qualified Chinese (and other

foreign) scientists can obtain visas on a timely basis, and that our export controls protect national

security but do not prevent U.S. corporations from fully participating in the global civil economy.³

The United States and China must be true partners in seeking technical solutions that will support

a global population of some nine billion people by 2050. Such cooperation can also mitigate

inevitable tensions in the overall relationshipÐ both splendid goals for the next 30 years.

± Norman P. Neureiter and Tom C. Wang

Tom C. Wang is director

for international cooper-

ation at the AAAS,

Washington, DC.

10.1126/science.1170938

*National Science Board Science and Enginering Indicators 2008, www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/.

² Wen Jiabao, Science 322, 649 (2008).

³ See Beyond ª Fortress Americaº (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009); available at www.nap.edu/catalog.

php?record_id=12567.

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Science - Jan.30 2009.pdf

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