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Linux in a Nutshell
A Desktop Quick Reference
Second Edition
Ellen Siever
and the Staff of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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Linux in a Nutshell, Second Edition
by Ellen Siever and the Staff of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
Copyright © 1999, 1997 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Editor : Andy Oram
Production Editor : Nicole Gipson Arigo
Printing History :
January 1997: First Edition.
November 1997: Minor corrections.
February 1999: Second Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly &
Associates, Inc. The association between the image of a horse and the topic of Linux is a trademark of O'Reilly &
Associates, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.
Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the
designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors
or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
This book is printed on acid-free paper with 85% recycled content, 15% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is
committed to using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent with high quality.
ISBN: 1-56592-585-8 [4/99]*
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Table of Contents
Preface
xi
Chapter 1Introduction
1
1
The Excitement of Linux
2
Distribution and Support
3
Commands on Linux
3
What This Book Offers
5
Sources and Licenses
Chapter 2Linux User Commands
7
Chapter 3The Unix Shells: An Overview
163
163
Purpose of the Shell
164
Shell Flavors
165
Common Features
166
Differing Features
Chapter 4bash: The Bourne Again Shell
167
167
Overview of Features
168
Invoking the Shell
169
Syntax
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Variables
180
Arithmetic Expressions
180
Command History
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