A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese Lincom Europa.pdf

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A Grammar of
Mandarin Chinese
Hua Lin
Languages of the World/Materials 344
2001
LINCOM EUROPA
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Published by LINCOM EUROPA 2001.
All correspondence concerning Languages of the World/Materials
should be addressed to:
LINCOM EUROPA
Fret adstr. 3
D-81543 Muenchen
NCOM. EUROPA@t-online.de
http://home.t-online.defhome/LINCOM.EUROPA
www.lincom-europa.com
FAX +49 89 6226 9404
All rights reserved, including the rights of translation into any foreign language,
No part of this book may be reproduced in any way without the permission of
the publisher.
Edited by Ulrich J. LUders
Printed in E.C.
Printed on chlorine-free paper
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data
A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die
Deutsche Bibliothek (http://www.ddb.de )
ISBN 3 89586 642 3
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1
2
5
A BRIEF HISTORY
THE CHINESE. DIALECTS
L2
7
1.2.1
The Northern Dialect
II
1.2.2
Yue
14
1.2.3
Mitt
17
1.2.4
Kejia
19
1.2.5
Wu
23
CHAPTER 2. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
24
2.1
THE SOUNDS
25
2.1.1
Consonants
26
Vowels
2.1.2
27
2.2
THE SYLLABLE
29
The Initial And the Final
2.2.1
Phonotactic Constraints
2.2.2
36
2.3
THE PROCESSES
37
Consonants
2.3.1
39
2.3.2
Vowels
41
Pinyin and IPA
2.3.3
44
2.4
THE TONES
44
2.4.1
Basic Tones
48
Neutral Tone
2.4.2
52
CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGY...
52
3.1
THE MORPHEME
52
3. 1.1
Monosyllabicity
54
3.1.2
Free and Bound
3.2
55
THE WORD
55
3.3
WORD STRUCTURE
3.3.1
56
Affixation
62
3.3.2
Compounding
69
3.3.3
Reduplication
78
3.3.4
Abbreviations
82
3.3.5
Disyllabicity
84
3.4
HOMOPHONES
3.4.!
85
Lucky and Taboo Expressions
3.5
86
WORD STRESS
87
3.5.1
Meaningful Stress
3.6
TRANSLITERATION OF FOREIGN WORDS
88
3.6.1
Sound Route
89
3.6.2
Meaning Route
90
91
3.6.3
Sound and Meaning Combined
92
3.6.4
From Cantonese
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4,1.1
Types of Nouns
96
4.1.2
Syntactic Properties
97
4.2
VERBS
99
42.1
Types of Verbs
99
4.2.2
Syntactic Properties
100
4.3
ADJECTIV ES
103
4.3.1
Types of Adjectives
103
4.3.2
Syntactic Properties
104
4A
NUMBERS
105
4.4.1
Types of Numbers
105
4.4.2
Syntactic Properties
106
4.5
CLASSIFIERS
106
4.5.1
Types of Classifiers
107
4.5.2
Syntactic Properties
108
4.6
PRONOUNS
108
4.6.1
Types of Pronouns
108
4.6.2
Syntactic Properties
110
4.7
ADVERBS
111
4.7.1
Types of Adverbs
111
4.7.2
Syntactic Properties
112
4.8
PREPOSITIONS
112
4.8.1
Types of Prepositions
112
4.8.2
Syntactic Properties
113
4.9
CONJUNCTIONS
114
4.9.1
Types of Conjunctions
114
4.9.2
Syntactic Properties
115
4.10
AUXILIARY PARTICLES
117
4.10.1
Types of Auxiliary Particles
117
4.10.2
Syntactic Properties
117
CHAPTER S. SYNTAX
120
5.1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
122
5.2
PHRASES
126
5.2.1
Noun Phrases
127
Verb Phrases
5.2.2
132
5.2.3
Adjective Phrases
143
5.2.4
Prepositional Phrase
146
5.3
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
151
5.3.1
Subjects
151
5.3.2
Predicates
153
5.3.3
Objects
154
Attributives
5.3.4
156
5.3.5
Adverbials
157
5.3.6
Complements
158
Functional Usage of Various Words and Phrases
5.3.7
163
5.4
ASPECTS AND NEGATION
168
5.4.1
The Perfective Aspect
169
5.4.2
The Experiential Aspect
171
5.4.3
The Progressive Aspect
173
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5.5.1
Yes-or-No Questions
176
5.5.2
Wh-Questions
179
5.5.3
Choice and Counterfactual Questions
181
5.6
COMPLEX SENTENCES
182
Coordinate Complex Sentences
5.6.1
183
5.6.2
Endocentric Complex Sentences
186
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