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Linux Network Servers
Linux Network Servers
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Table of Contents
Linux Network Servers......................................................................................................................1
Foreword............................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................2
Introduction........................................................................................................................................4
Who Should Buy This Book.....................................................................................................5
How This Book Is Organized...................................................................................................5
Part 1: The Basics..............................................................................................................6
Chapter 1: The Boot Process.............................................................................................6
Chapter 2: The Network Interface......................................................................................6
Part 2: Internet Server Configuration.................................................................................6
Chapter 3: Login Services..................................................................................................6
Chapter 4: Linux Name Services.......................................................................................6
Chapter 5: Configuring a Mail Server.................................................................................7
Chapter 6: The Apache Web Server..................................................................................7
Chapter 7: Network Gateway Services..............................................................................7
Part 3: Departmental Server Configuration........................................................................7
Chapter 8: Desktop Configuration Servers........................................................................7
Chapter 9: File Sharing......................................................................................................7
Chapter 10: Printer Services..............................................................................................7
Chapter 11: More Mail Services.........................................................................................8
Part 4: Maintaining a Healthy Server.................................................................................8
Chapter 12: Security..........................................................................................................8
Chapter 13: Troubleshooting..............................................................................................8
Part 5: Appendices.............................................................................................................8
Appendix A: Installing Linux...............................................................................................8
Appendix B: BIND Reference.............................................................................................8
Appendix C: The m4 Macros for sendmail.........................................................................9
Conventions.............................................................................................................................9
Help Us Help You..................................................................................................................10
Part I: The Basics.............................................................................................................................11
Chapter Lis............................................................................................................................11
Part Overview........................................................................................................................11
Featuring:.........................................................................................................................11
Chapter 1: The Boot Process.........................................................................................................12
Overview................................................................................................................................12
Loading the Boot Sector........................................................................................................12
Loading Linux with GRUB......................................................................................................14
Loading the Kernel with LILO.................................................................................................17
LILO Configuration Options..............................................................................................17
The Linux Boot Prompt..........................................................................................................21
Hardware Device Driver Initialization.....................................................................................24
Loading Linux Services—The init Process............................................................................25
Understanding Runlevels.................................................................................................26
Special−Purpose Entries..................................................................................................28
Startup Scripts.......................................................................................................................29
System Initialization.........................................................................................................29
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Boot Process
Runlevel Initialization.......................................................................................................30
Controlling Scripts............................................................................................................31
The rc.local Script............................................................................................................33
Loadable Modules..................................................................................................................33
Listing the Loaded Modules.............................................................................................33
In Sum....................................................................................................................................35
Chapter 2: The Network Interface..................................................................................................36
Overview................................................................................................................................36
Configuring an Ethernet Interface..........................................................................................36
Loadable Ethernet Drivers...............................................................................................36
The ifconfig Command.....................................................................................................39
Network Interface Configuration Tools.............................................................................42
The Serial Interface................................................................................................................43
Connecting through the Serial Interface...........................................................................44
Running TCP/IP Over a Serial Por..................................................................................46
Installing PPP.........................................................................................................................46
The PPP Kernel Module...................................................................................................47
The PPP Daemon............................................................................................................48
Configuring a PPP Server......................................................................................................49
PPP Dial−Up Server Configuration..................................................................................49
PPP Security....................................................................................................................51
PPP Client Configuration.......................................................................................................53
chat Scripts......................................................................................................................54
Using an X Tool to Configure a PPP Clien......................................................................55
In Sum....................................................................................................................................57
Part II: Internet Server Configuration.............................................................................................58
Chapter Lis............................................................................................................................58
Part Overview........................................................................................................................58
Featuring:.........................................................................................................................58
Chapter 3: Login Services..............................................................................................................59
Overview................................................................................................................................59
Starting Services On−Demand..............................................................................................60
Protocol and Port Numbers..............................................................................................60
Configuring inetd..............................................................................................................63
Configuring xinetd............................................................................................................65
Creating User Accounts.........................................................................................................70
The Steps to Creating a User Accoun.............................................................................70
The passwd File...............................................................................................................70
Tools to Create User Accounts........................................................................................75
Additional FTP Configuration.................................................................................................80
The ftpaccess File............................................................................................................82
In Sum....................................................................................................................................84
Chapter 4: Linux Name Services....................................................................................................86
Overview................................................................................................................................86
The hosts File........................................................................................................................86
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Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Linux Name Services
Understanding DNS...............................................................................................................87
The DNS Hierarchy..........................................................................................................87
Answering Queries...........................................................................................................88
The BIND Software................................................................................................................88
Configuring the Resolve..................................................................................................89
The Lightweight Resolve.................................................................................................94
Configuring a Domain Name Server......................................................................................96
The named Configuration File..........................................................................................97
A Caching−Only Configuration.......................................................................................101
The Slave Server Configuration.....................................................................................106
The Master Server Configuration...................................................................................107
Running named....................................................................................................................119
named Signal Processing..............................................................................................120
The named Control Tools...............................................................................................121
Using the Host Table with DNS......................................................................................124
In Sum..................................................................................................................................127
Chapter 5: Configuring a Mail Server..........................................................................................128
Overview..............................................................................................................................128
Using Mail Aliases................................................................................................................128
Defining Personal Mail Aliases.......................................................................................131
Using sendmail to Receive Mai...........................................................................................131
The sendmail Configuration File..........................................................................................132
The Local Info Section...................................................................................................133
The Options Section.......................................................................................................134
The Message Precedence Section................................................................................135
The Trusted Users Section............................................................................................135
The Format of Headers Section.....................................................................................136
The Rewriting Rules Section..........................................................................................137
The Mailer Definitions Section.......................................................................................139
Configuring the sendmail.cf File.....................................................................................142
Testing Your New Configuration....................................................................................143
Using m4 to Configure sendmai..........................................................................................145
The m4 Macro Control File.............................................................................................146
The Linux OSTYPE File.................................................................................................147
Creating an m4 DOMAIN File........................................................................................148
Building the m4 Configuration File.................................................................................151
Building a sendmail Database........................................................................................152
Testing the m4 Configuration.........................................................................................152
In Sum..................................................................................................................................153
Chapter 6: The Apache Web Server.............................................................................................154
Overview..............................................................................................................................154
Installing Apache..................................................................................................................154
Running httpd.................................................................................................................156
Configuring the Apache Server............................................................................................158
The httpd.conf File...............................................................................................................159
Loading Dynamic Shared Objects..................................................................................161
Basic Server Directives..................................................................................................163
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Table of Contents
Chapter 6: The Apache Web Server
Defining Where Things Are Stored................................................................................165
Creating a Fancy Index..................................................................................................166
Defining File Types........................................................................................................167
Managing Child Processes............................................................................................167
Performance Tuning Directives......................................................................................169
Caching Directives.........................................................................................................169
Defining Virtual Hosts.....................................................................................................170
Web Server Security............................................................................................................171
The CGI and SSI Threat................................................................................................172
Server Options for Documents and Directories..............................................................172
Directory−Level Configuration Controls.........................................................................174
Defining Access Controls...............................................................................................175
Requiring User Authentication.......................................................................................177
Configuring SSL...................................................................................................................179
Managing Your Web Serve.................................................................................................186
Monitoring Your Server..................................................................................................187
Apache Logging.............................................................................................................188
In Sum..................................................................................................................................191
Chapter 7: Network Gateway Services........................................................................................192
Overview..............................................................................................................................192
Understanding Routing........................................................................................................194
Converting IP Addresses to Ethernet Addresses...........................................................194
Enabling IP Packet Forwarding......................................................................................196
The Linux Routing Table................................................................................................197
Defining Static Routes.........................................................................................................199
The route Command......................................................................................................200
Using Dynamic Routing.......................................................................................................201
Routing Protocols...........................................................................................................201
Running RIP with routed................................................................................................204
Routing with Zebra.........................................................................................................206
Using gated....................................................................................................................218
Network Address Translation...............................................................................................225
Configuring a Linux NAT Server....................................................................................226
In Sum..................................................................................................................................227
Part III: Departmental Server Configuration................................................................................228
Chapter Lis..........................................................................................................................228
Part Overview......................................................................................................................228
Featuring:.......................................................................................................................228
Chapter 8: Desktop Configuration Servers.................................................................................229
Overview..............................................................................................................................229
Understanding Configuration Protocols...............................................................................229
Bootstrap Protoco..........................................................................................................229
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol............................................................................230
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol...........................................................................231
Installing the DHCP Server..................................................................................................231
Running dhcpd...............................................................................................................233
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