Encyklopedia nauki 2.pdf

Rourke’s World of Science

Volume 1

Human Life

By Marcia S. Freeman

Editorial Consultant

Luana Mitten

Project Editor

Kurt Sturm

Table of Contents

What Is Life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Classifying Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

The Human Body: Organs and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

The Nerves and Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

The Heart and Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

The Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

The Stomach and Intestines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Bones and Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

The Kidneys and Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

The Reproductive Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

How The Body Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

The Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

The Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Pregnancy and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Adolescence and Puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

How Life Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Health and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Immunization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Genetic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Allergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

People Who Study the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Milestones in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Human Life

What Is Life?

Look around you. All the stuff,

or matter, in the world is either

living or non-living. Stuff such as

rocks, metals, plastic, water, and

air are non-living.

Living things include plants and

animals, humans and other

mammals, insects, birds, and

reptiles. Add the living things such

as worms and millipedes in the

soil, and the fish, crustaceans, and

such in the sea. Add all the living

organisms that are too small for

you to see like the bacteria, molds,

and viruses. The world is teeming

with life.

Different forms of life are alike

in many ways. They all need water

and energy to live, grow, and

reproduce. Green plants make

their own food but animals need to

eat. They both convert, or turn,

food into energy. Most living things

need oxygen and water.

The girl and the plants and animals around

her are living things. The paper bag she is

holding is non-living.

You should drink about 64 ounces (1.8

kilograms) of water every day.

Classifying Living Things

compare it to similar living things.

Then they place the new specimen

in a group with which it shares the

most attributes, or characteristics.

Scientists divide living things into

kingdoms, phyla and subphyla,

Classification is how scientists

organize and name plants and

animals. When scientists discover

a new animal or plant, they

Human Life

classes, orders, families, genus,

and species. Each group describes

the attributes of the living thing in

more detail. All known plants and

animals have scientific names.

Each Latin scientific name tells us

the living thing’s genus and species.

A horse’s scientific name is Equus

caballus and a zebra’s is Equus

chapmani . They are in the

same genus.

genus: Equus

Species

Equus caballus

Species

Equus chapmani

Linnaeus

Carl von Linné was born in Sweden in 1707. We know

him by his Latin name, Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus was

interested in nature and plants. He taught himself about

biology and botany, the study of plants.

He devised a system to classify all the plants and animals known at that

time. He described living things and grouped them by their shared physical

characteristics. For instance, he put animals with backbones, or vertebrae,

in one group and those without a backbone in another. He put animals

that laid eggs in one group and those that bear live young in another.

Linnaeus gave each group and each kind of living thing a Latin name made

up of two descriptive words. Scientists refer to this system as the binomial

(two names) system of nomenclature (naming).

In 1735 he published a series of books, Systema Naturae which

described and named all the animals and plants known at that time.

Scientists today still use his binomial classification system to organize and

understand all living things.

Getting to

Know...

Human Life

Humans

Early Humans

Long before Homo

sapiens , there were

other types of human-

like primates, or humanoids, called

Homo neanderthalensis . They had thick

bones and smaller brains than Homo

sapiens . Scientists found evidence that

they used some tools.

Scientists believe that modern

Homo sapiens evolved from Homo

erectus . Homo erectus comes from the

Latin words for man and upright.

Homo erectus had a larger brain than

the Neanderthals. Scientists have found

evidence that they used stone tools for

hunting and cooking food.

Homo sapiens began to appear

250,000 years ago in Africa, Europe,

and Asia. Over time, they spread to

America and Australia. They had even

larger brains than Homo erectus and

smaller jaws and teeth. Homo sapiens

developed language to communicate

with one another.

Scientists classify humans in

the animal kingdom. We belong to

the subphylum Vertebrata. This

means that we have spines or back

bones. We are in the class

Mammalia (mammals), animals

that nurse their young. Humans

are in the order Primates. They are

omnivores with opposing thumbs

and a big brain. The genus and

species name for human beings is

Homo sapiens . These Latin words

mean man and knowing .

Characteristics of Primates

• tendency towards walking

upright on two feet

• having five fingers and five toes

• opposing thumbs

• flexible shoulder joints and

strong collarbones, or clavicles

• binocular vision - using both eyes

to produce three dimensional

(3-D) view

• omnivorous - eating both plants

and animals

• long gestation (pregnancy)

periods for animals of their size

• social behavior - spending time

with each other

• large brain size relative to body

• vocalization - producing a variety

of sounds from vocal cords

Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis

Skull comparisons

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