Main types of contrast - continued
Structural contrast
- Subject deletion
Wyjechała. – She left.
Powiedział, że przyjdzie. – 1............................
- Subjectless constructions
2............................. It rained yesterday. (A third person singular neuter verb)
3............................. Coffee is served here. (A third person singular neuter reflexive verb)
4............................. John has been beaten up. (-no, -to impersonal verb forms)
5............................. A new bridge has been built here. (A third person plural)
6............................. The town can be seen from here. (Non-inflected form of a verb)
7............................. They are not at home. 8............................. There was less and less water. (The subjects have a case form different from nominative and their number, person and gender have no influence on the shape of the verb)
Uspecified Subject Deletion – see passive in English
Categorial contrast
- Adverb in Polish – adjective in English
9............................. I feel bad.
Pomalowali ścianę na na zielono. 10.............................
- Modal in English – main verb in Polish
Móc pojechać było moim marzeniem. 11............................. (The non-occurence of modals in infinitive and gerundial constructions)
Musi umieć pływać. 12............................. (The non-existence of constructions in which a modal is preceded immediately by another auxiliary verb)
- Noun phrase – prepositional phrase
(Genitive, instrumental or manner phrase in Polish, prepositional object in English)
Wierzchołek góry. 13............................. ( - of- prepositional phrases)
14............................. He played with matches.
Pogratulowałem mu sukcesu. 15.............................
16............................. They took it away from him by force.
Wiosną – In spring, Wieczorem – In the evening (Time adverbials)
- Reverse situation.
Często gram w karty. 17............................. .
18............................. The police entered the building.
Functional contrast
- Polish subject – English direct object
19............................. . John has lost the keys. Congruent construction is available in Polish – Janek zgubił klucze.
- Polish indirect object – English subject
Brakuje nam pieniędzy. 19............................. .
20............................. . She is cold.
21............................. . They are sleepy. Congruent construction is available in Polish – Oni są śpiący.
- Indirect object in Polish – direct object in English.
Pozwoliłem mu odejść. 22.............................
- Indirect object in Polish – possessive attribute in English
23............................. My friend’s brother died. Congruent construction is available in Polish – Mojego kolegi brat zmarł.
- Direct object in Polish – indirect object in English
24............................. . I taught the children English.
Another type of contrast involves a modal structure having a single word translation, both expressions lacking a congruent equivalent in the other language.
mieć nadzieję – have a hope/ hope, spojrzeć – take a look/ look
Translate:
John walks his dog for a walk every day. 25___________________________________________
He jumped the horse over the fence.26______________________________________________
He gestured his displeasure. 27_____________________________________________________
Lexical contrast
· Lexical transfer (including false friends)
*Lets meet ourselves tomorrow. I’m after dinner. *Thank you from the mountain.
· Confusing words: Each or every? Bring or fetch? Channel or canal?
· Semantic fields:
Human sounds: Shout or scream? Scream or cry?
Animal sounds: Crow, cackle or cluck?
Verbs of movement: Trudge or stagger?
As or like: No one loves the child like/ as the mother.
Make or do: Robić miny/ komuś na złość
Say or tell? Speak or talk? Powiedz coś! Nic mi nie powiedział.
Lie or Lay? Rise, arise or raise? Kot leży na sofie. Podnieś rękę.
· Right suffixes: Electric or electrical?
Adverbs with or without –ly: Hard or hardly?
Misspelt words, similar sounds, different meanings: Blond or blonde?
Comparative expressions: As old as *the world/ mountains.
Prepositions: On rozmawia na lekcji. Wyszedł na piwo.
NKJO_BYD_ANG