Word order
Match the names for cases in Polish and English.
1. MIANOWNIK (kto? co?)
2. DOPEŁNIACZ (kogo? czego?)
3. CELOWNIK (komu? czemu?)
4. BIERNIK (kogo? co?)
5. NARZĘDNIK (kim? czym?)
6. MIEJSCOWNIK (o kim? o czym?)
7. WOŁACZ
A. DATIVE
B. VOCATIVE
C. INSTRUMENTAL
D. LOCATIVE
E. ACCUSATIVE
F. GENITIVE
G. NOMINATIVE
Provide the examples from the list underneath.
Direct Object
In Polish this syntactic function is realized by means of case endings: accusative (most common), genitive or instrumental. 1. ______, 2. ______, 3 ______
Direct Object in English refers to a person or thing affected by the action of the verb. The noun phrase following a transitive verb either immediately or after the indirect object (if present)
1___, 2 ___
Indirect Object
This syntactic function is realized be means of the dative case in Polish. 1____, 2 ___
Indirect Object in English always co-occurs with Direct Object and always precedes the latter one
1_______.
A. Przyglądam się ptakom.
B. Kupiłem w kiosku gazetę.
C. Artysta udzielił wywiadu.
D. Matka kupiła dziecku cukierki.
F. Prezydent rządzi krajem.
G. I like him.
H. I gave Bill a message.
I Ann gave me a watch
Fill in the blanks with missing words.
Subject is always distinguished from other syntactic functions on the basis of the criterion of concord, i.e. the agreement with the verb in such categories as: 1______, 2 _____ and in Polish also 3_______.
Pro-subject (it) occupies the subject position and is in agreement as to 4______ with the verb.
Quasi subject (there) occupies the position of the subject but the agreement as to 5______ and number holds between the verb and the 6______ following the verb.
Neutral or unmarked word order in both Polish and English Subject – Verb – Object
Tomek urodził się w Warszawie. Tom was born in Warsaw.
Ona kupiła nowy płaszcz. She bought a new coat.
The main factors which cause changes of the neutral word order are contextual and stylistic.
The information given (repeated) – theme, the new information – focus
The contextually motivated word order – the focus is at the end.
Direct object as theme
Kto kupił ten płaszcz? Ten płaszcz kupiła Marysia.
Who bought that coat? That coat was bought by Mary
Indirect object as theme
Marysia dała książkę Tomkowi. Czy Jankowi też dała książkę? Nie, Jankowi dała cukierki.
Mary gave a book to Tom. Did she give it to John too? No, John was given cigarettes.
Shifting the object and the subject in Polish and English.
Kasia kocha Janka. Janka kocha Kasia.
Kate loves John. John loves Kate. (The change of meaning in English)
Ciele zjadło zielę. Ziele zjadło cielę.(?) (Nominative and Accusative - the same) The calf ate the herb. The herb ate the calf. (?)
Samochód Janka potrącił samochód Piotra. (?) John’s car hit Peter’s car.
What happens if the subject is the focus?
Czy Janek urodził się w Warszawie? Nie, w Warszawie urodził się Tomek. Nie, Tomek urodził się w Warszawie. Was John born in Warsaw? No, Tom was born in Warsaw.
Stylistically marked sentences.
Słyszałem, że malujesz łazienkę na niebiesko. Nie, kuchnię maluję na niebiesko.
I’ve heard you are painting the bathroom blue. No, I’m painting the kitchen blue.
Changing the word order for emphasis
Relaxation you call it. Wypoczynkiem to nazywasz.
Changing the word order motivated by rhyme.
In that mansion used to be free-hearted hospitality. H. W. Longfellow, The Old Clock on the stairs.
Do Tadeusza siedzi Telimena Bokiem, pomięszana, zaledwie śmie nań rzucić okiem. A. Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz, V
In English the SUBJEST-AUXILIARY-MAIN VERB- INDIRECT OBJECT -DIRECT OBJECT –word order may be changed by two types of transformations:
1 Transformations such as Passive. 2 The rules which rearrange elements for stylistic purposes.
In Polish there are no convincing rules for specific ordering of elements. The Polish word order strictly follows the English pattern when:
- neither the case ending nor context can guarantee the distinction between the subject noun and the object noun.
Samochod wyprzedził tramwaj. Byt określa świadomość.
- the whole sentence carries new information.
Jakaś pani przyjechała do ciebie z Warszawy. Dziewczęta przestały śpiewać.
However, the word order VERB-SUBJECT is also possible.
Umarła moja matka. Pada śnieg. Jest Bóg. Panował spokój.
Class 4
Nouns and noun phrases - moje
Case The syntactic function of a noun phrase are marked in Polish by means by inflectional endings. How is the same function signalled in English?
John bought the book – Janek kupił książkę. *The book bought Janek. – Książkę kupił Janek.
Word order with premodification Comment on the order of determiners/ demonstratives on the basis of the following examples:
the three film - te trzy filmy, *this John’s car - ten samochód Janka, *book this- książka ta, *this my father’s friend – ten znajomy mojego ojca
Genitive and possessive exclude each other in English. In Polish demonstratives may follow or precede the noun. In p. The typical position of a possessive is after a noun unless there is a determiner.
Wodr order with postmodification Comment on the position of prepositional phrases and adverbials on the basis of the following examples.
The struggle for peace in Bosnia – walka o pokój w Bośni, return home – powrot do domu
Head noun is followed by PP, as well as adverbs of place
Word order with determiners Comment on the position of determiners the basis of the following examples.
All students – waszyscy studenci, both brothers – obaj bracia, some sugar – trochę cukru, *John’s the book – książka Jana, their two cars – ich dwa samochody, too many eggs – zbyt dużo jajek, too much time – zbyt dużo czasu, Zjedzmy śniadanie. – Lets’s have *the/ breakfast. Yesterday I saw a boy. – Wczoraj widziałem chłopca. The boy was carrying oranges in a bag. – Chłopiec nióśł w siatce pomarańcze.
With some determiners the order is fixed: + such taki, half/ pół. Possesives and indefinite articles are mutually exclusive in English. Possessives may be followed by quantifiers in P and E. In P only quantifiers like kilka, parę, tuzin are restricted to countable. Complicated rules of articles. In P the word order marks the indefinite/ definite article.
Adjective modifiers A proud man – dumny mężczyzna, *a proud of his son man – dumny ze swojego syna mężczyzna, ethic problem – problem etyczny, white dress – biała suknia, solar energy – energia słoneczna, *a brown leather long belt – brązowy skórzany, długi pasek, an ill omen – zły omen, *ill people – chorzy ludzie , *an awake child – zbudzone dziecko, utter nonsense – kompletna bzdura, *this nonsense is utter- *ta bzdura jest kompletna.
In E adjective premodifier must not be complemented pr postmodified. In E the simplest adjective modifiers precede the noun. In P adjective usually precedes the noun follows if it expresses a defining inherent property. Polish has more freedom in WO. Most adjectives can be used attributively, some cannot eg ill before nouns do not relate to health. A- adjectives do not have attributive use. The adjectives with meaning of “complete” can only be used predicatively. (sheer, mere, main, chief, only, certain
The genitive + of + Noun Phrase My son’s wife – żona mojegosyna, the boy’s application – podanie chłopca, the criminal’s arrest – aresztowanie przestępcy, the girl’s story – opowieść dziewczyny, a man of many talents – człowiek wielkich umiejętności, a ten days’ absence – dziesięciodniowa nieobecność
Of + NP Possession, subjective relation, objective relation, the source, characteristics, measures,
The inflected genitive My brother’s name/ *the name of my brother – imię mojego brata, Poland’s future – przyszłość Polski, the back of the house/ *the house’s back – tył domu, at arm’s length – na wyciągnięcie ręki, the old man I met yesterday’s dog – pies starego człowiega,którego spotkałem wczoraj, the committe’ approval of the plan – akceptacja planu przez komisję/ *komisji akceptacja planu
Inflected possessive – animate, geographical names, the of genitive is preferred containing bottom, top, side, front, part, idioms. In P the genitive is inflected and the noun is marked for it. In E – s is attaced to the whole hrase in P P – gen after człowieka gives the message. Polish prefers one noun in genitive, in English two genitives cooccur – one Saxon one of.
Special uses of genitive in English: 1. my memory is like an elephant’s 2 I’m going to the dentist’s. 3 somebody else’s coat. 4. a friend of mine 1 independent genitive, 2 local genitive, 3 group gentive, 4 double genitive
Gender in English Which suffixes typically denote a female gender woman? Which nouns, apart from those denoting female sex, can be substituted with a “she” pronoun? Comment on the character of gender in English. Mary is enjoying herself. John has brought his sister along. Everyone was allowed to watch television as long as he/ she/ they wanted. ette, - ess
Gender in Polish How are mail nouns ending in –a declined in Polish? What are the typical feminine and masculine suffixes? What are the typical examples of nouns that are only masculine? ? Which are the sex distinguishing suffixes in Polish?
Think also about such words as: poeta, sierota, sprzedawczyni, fachowiec, gość, kawaler, tygrys, tygrysica, kaczor, kaczka Like feminine nouns – poeta, also double sex like kaleka, sierota, yni, ica, ka or, inżynier, fachowiec, zawodowiec
Number Both languages are inflected for number however the actual morphological distinction differ. What is the choice of endings based on in English? What is the choice of endings based on in Polish? Think about such words as mąż, wąż, kiść, kość. Which words which only have a singular form, a plural form in Polish and English? In which language do homophonic plurals occur?
Number in Polish and English - countable and uncountable nouns
How are nouns divided according to their countability and plurality in Polish and English?
Think also about such words as: advice, srebro/a, time/s, money/s, damage/s, popiół/ popioły
Advice, Srebro/ srebra, bronze bronzes – works of art, time, times, pieniądz, pieniądze, moneys, ash ashes, popiół popioły, damage, szkoda damages, odszkodowanie
Number in Polish and English – collective nouns, quantifying expressions
Comment on the form of verb occurring with collective nouns on the basis of the following example. Rick’s family have gone on their holiday. – Rodzina Ricka wyjechała n wakacje.
Rada, szlachta- gentry, drużyna Many boys read newspapers. – Wielu chłopców czyta gazety.
Pronouns Pronouns in Polish and English signal a relationship between two noun phrases.
Jack said that the noise does not disturb him. Jacek powiedział, ze hałas mu nie przeszkdza.
Personal nouns in Polish and English Compare the systems in terms of gender distinction, cases, possessive pronouns, possessive pronominal forms.
Reflexive and emphatic pronouns
Compare the reflexives and emphatic forms in Polish and English.
Śmiać się, dziwić się, myself, herself – się, sama, sam
Ono/ one, your – wasze, waszych, waszymi, your/ yours,
Indefinite pronouns
What is the typical construction of indefinite pronouns in Polish and English? Compare them in interrogative and negative constructions.
Somebody, anything, ktokolwek but also ktoś,
Nouns and noun phrases
Case - The syntactic function of a noun phrase are marked in Polish by means by inflectional endings. How is the same function signalled in English?
Word order with premodification - Comment on the order of determiners/ demonstratives on the basis of the following examples.
Word order with postmodification - Comment on the position of prepositional phrases and adverbials on the basis of the following examples.
The struggle for peace in Bosnia – walka o pokój w Bośni, return home ...
NKJO_BYD_ANG