LESSON 1
lend - borrow
Voice 1: So how did Aristotle Onassis start his career?
Voice 2: Well, when he was 16 years old, he borrowed some money from a friend and bought an old boat.
Voice 1: Oh, really! And how long did it take for him to become a millionaire?
Voice 2: Em... about 10 years when he was 26. At that time he had a lot of large ships.
Voice 1: Amazing! And now of course the company he started lends thousands of dollars to other businesses.
Voice 2: That's right.
VOCABULARY
to lend (to) - pożyczać komuś (pieniądze są twoje)
to borrow (from) - pożyczać od kogoś (pieniądze są czyjeś)
to become a millionaire - zostać milionerem
to start a company - założyć przedsiębiorstwo
to make a million - zarobić milion
to make money - robić pieniądze
LESSON 2
lie (lay, lain) - lie (lied, lied) - also: lay(laid, laid)
TV Presenter: Hello and welcome to our programme about unusual world records. Now, how long do you think someone can lie on a bed of nails? Well, Ken Owen set a world record in England in 1986 when he lay on a bed of nails for 300 hours. However, back in 1969 a man called Silki from Brazil said that he had lain on a bed of nails for 111 days!
TV Presenter: Hello and welcome to this week's programme. Now, how can you tell if someone is lying? Well, researchers tell us that we can see if someone is not telling the truth simply by watching what they do when they speak. For example, if people touch their nose or cover their mouth when they are speaking, it is very possible that they have lied.
to lie (lay, lain) - leżeć
to lie (lied, lied) - kłamać
to lay (laid, laid) - kłaść
bed of nails - łoże z gwoździ
to set a world record - ustanowić rekord świata
researcher - badacz, ekspert
to tell the truth - mówić prawdę
you lay the table - nakrywasz do stołu
chicken lay eggs - kury znoszą jajka
to get laid - (nie możemy przetłumaczyć ze względu na cenzurę!)
lay off! - odczep się
LESSON 3
damage - hurt
Newsreader: Good morning. It's eight o'clock on Friday the 16th of October. Early this morning at around two o'clock a hurricane hit the south east of England with winds of up to 200 kilometres per hour. Thousands of houses and cars were damaged as winds knocked over more than a million trees. Very few people were seriously hurt because they were sleeping during the storm, but some people were very lucky. One man was in bed when a tree fell into his bedroom. His house was badly damaged but he was not hurt.
to damage - niszczyć, wyrządzać szkody (o rzeczach)
to hurt - ranić, kaleczyć, urazić (o ludziach)
hurricane - huragan
to hit (o huraganie) - uderzyć, nawiedzić, rozszaleć się
per hour - na godzinę
to knock over - powalić
badly = seriously
badly damaged = seriously damaged (poważnie uszkodzony)
badly hurt = seriously hurt (taki, który doznał poważnych obrażeń)
ale:
deeply hurt - głęboko urażony (chodzi o uczucia)
damage - szkody, zniszczenia
to cause damage - wyrządzać szkody, zniszczenia
i jeszcze - uwaga!
Organy wewnętrzne ciała traktujemy jak rzeczy, np.
I've damaged my liver drinking too much vodka.
I've damaged my lungs smoking too many cigarettes.
ale…
I've hurt my knee. (uderzyłem się w kolano)
It hurts! (boli)
Czyjeś uczucia ranimy za pomocą czasownika "to hurt"
Powiemy np.: "Sorry, I've hurt your feelings."
I jeszcze buty:
They hurt. (uciskają, 'piją' i są niewygodne)
LESSON 4
die - dead - death (also: extinct)
Interviewer: Professor, I know the dinosaur has been dead for a long time, but do we know exactly when the last dinosaur died?
Professor: Well, with modern scientific tests we are almost sure the last dinosaur died about 70 million years ago.
Interviewer: I'd also like to know how the dinosaur died.
Professor: There are many ideas about the death of the dinosaur. Some people say it died because of the cold weather. Some say it died because it became too big. Personally I think the death of the dinosaur is still a mystery.
to die - umierać
dead - martwy, zmarły, zdechły (the dead - zmarli)
death - śmierć, zgon
extinct - wymarły (np. gatunek zwierząt), wygasły (np. wulkan)
scientific tests - badania naukowe
with modern scientific tests… - na podstawie najnowszych badań naukowych…
mystery - zagadka
OBJAŚNIENIA
dead występuje w połączeniu z czasownikiem to be, to znaczy powiemy:
He's dead (he is dead) - nie żyje
dead oznacza także:
zepsuty - np. telefon
My telephone is dead. The line's gone dead.
Zupełny, cakowity - np.
It's dead simple - to zupelnie proste
You're dead right - masz całkowitą rację
Ponadto dead tworzy cały szereg wyrażeń idiomatycznych:
a dead end - ślepy zaułek
a dead end job - praca bez perspektyw
dead silence - głucha cisza
deadline - termin ostateczny
plus wiele, wiele innych…
LESSON 5
invent - discover (also: invention, inventor, discovery, to make a discovery)
Voice 1: Who discovered the first car?
Voice 2: Nobody.
Voice 1: What do you mean?
Voice 2: You can only discover something that already exists, for example, a place like a lost city or information or facts, but you have to invent something like the first car because it never existed before.
Voice 1: OK. So who invented the first car?
Voice 2: A Frenchman.
Voice 1: You're wrong. It was a German called Benz in 1885. Benz invented the first car to use petrol.
Voice 2: OK. So who discovered Australia?
Voice 1: Van Diemann discovered Australia in 1762.
to invent - wynaleźć
inventor - wynalazca
invention - wynalazek
to discover - odkryć
discovery - odkrycie
discoverer - odkrywca
to make a discovery - dokonać odkrycia
zauważ!
you discover something that already exists, for example:
America
a lost city (zaginione miasto)
a hidden treasure (ukryty skarb)
natural resources: coal, gas, oil ( zasoby naturalne: węgiel, gaz, ropę)
facts (fakty)
the truth
things about yourself, too! (rzeczy o sobie)
you invent something that never existed before:
American football
the car (samochód)
the telephone (telefon)
print (druk)
the camera (aparat fotograficzny)
the hoover (odkurzacz)
lies (kłamstwa)
also, you can re-invent yourself! (możesz zmienić swój profil zawodowy i zostać kimś zupełnie innym)
The person who invents things is an inventor, but a person who discovers things is not really a discoverer!
Bell invented the telephone. He was an inventor.
Columbus discovered America. He was an explorer.
Maria Skłodowsska-Curie discovered radioactivity. She was a scientist.
Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA. They were scientists, too.
LESSON 6
listen - hear
SOUND OF A CUCKOO
Woman 1: Can you hear that?
Woman 2: No, I can't hear anything.
Woman 1: There. I heard it again.
Woman 2: No, I can't hear a thing. I'm much older than you, so it's more difficult to hear.
ACAPELLA MUSIC
Man 1: Listen to this acapella. The people sing without instruments.
Man 2: I don't want to listen to it. I prefer heavy metal.
Man 1: Heavy metal?! That's noise. I prefer real music.
to listen - słuchać
to hear - słyszeć
You listen to something - but…
You hear something.
zauważ:
You can listen, but you may not hear…
If you're hard of hearing. (jeśli straciłeś prawie słuch)
Grammar point!
o to hear, podobnie jak i inne czasowniki określające czynności zmysłów (takie jak to see, to feel, to smell, to taste) tworzą formy pytające w czasie Simple Present (teraźniejszym prostym) nie za pomocą słówka DO, ale za pomocą słówka CAN; słówko CAN pojawia się również regularnie w formach twierdzących tych zdań, i w formach przeczących; to znaczy powiemy:
I CAN HEAR IT
I CAN SEE IT
I CAN SMELL IT
I CAN FEEL IT
a zapytamy:
CAN YOU HEAR IT?
CAN YOU SEE IT?
CAN YOU SMELL IT?
CAN YOU FEEL IT?
w formie przeczącej zaś powiemy:
I CAN'T HEAR IT
I CAN'T SEE IT
I CAN'T SMELL IT
I CAN'T FEEL IT
o czasowniki te nie przybierają formy czasu Present Continuous (teraźniejszego ciągłego); to znaczy, nawet jeśli widzimy coś teraz właśnie, w momencie mówienia o tym - nie powiemy:
I am seeing it.
I can see it.
Podobnie, słysząc coś teraz właśnie, nie powiemy:
I am hearing it.
I can hear it.
o Nie oznacza to, że zdanie typu :
I AM SEEING THINGS czy I AM HEARING THINGS w ogóle nie może się pojawić. Może, ale ma wówczas inne, idiomatyczne znaczenie.
I AM SEEING THINGS = mam przywidzenia
I AM HEARING THINGS = słyszę jakieś głosy (oj, niedobrze ze mną!)
hearing aid - aparat słuchowy
you can hear a pin drop - cicho, jak makiem zasiał
LESSON 7
match - suit (also: suite)
Colour expert: The first thing to do is to find the colours that suit us. That means of course wearing colours that make us feel and look good. For example, somebody with light skin, brown hair and green eyes usually looks good in blue or green clothes. But, if somebody wears clothes that match the colour of their hair, for example, a brown jacket with brown hair, then they probably won't feel so relaxed or comfortable.
to match - dobierać, dopasowywać, harmonizować (np. kolorem, kształtem)
a match - osoba/rzecz dorównujaca drugiej
a perfect match - rzeczy/osoby idealnie do siebie pasujące
matchmaker - swatka
to suit - pasować, dobrze leżeć, być 'do twarzy'
a suit - garnitur, garsonka, kostium
a suite - apartament w hotelu, suita muzyczna
a three-piece suit - garnitur z kamizelką (składający się z trzech części)
a three-piece suite - kanapa plus dwa fotele
suit yourself! (idiom) - rób jak chcesz!
Po czasowniku TO SUIT wystepuje zazwyczaj dopełnienie, np.:
Grey suits me, but id doesn't suit you.
Po czasowniku TO MATCH dopełnienie może, ale nie musi występować. Oto kiedy może:
Don't match green with red.
A kiedy nie musi:
Green and red don't match.
LESSON 8
rob - steal (also: nick, mug, thief, theft, robber, robbery, burglar, burglary, mugger, mugging, pickpocket)
Hugh: My house was nearly robbed last night. I say 'nearly', because… Anyway, listen to this. I went out for a couple of hours with my mates for a little game of 'cops and robbers', you know. Came back about 11. And what do you think I saw? - my ground floor window was broken. That's how the burglars broke in - through that window.
They stole some cash, not much, a fake credit card and my favourite teddy. They robbed me of my favourite possession! On top of it - they nicked ten bottles of Żubrówka from the fridge, cheeky thieves! Hmm… Somehow, I don't think they were professional burglars…
Anyway…their car had broken down, apparently, and they had to walk home with all the spoils. And you know what - they were mugged!! …Yesss!
By whom? Hmm…, well, by a gang of muggers, yes. You see, my mates were still playing that game - you know, cops and robbers… Hmm… and …. well… Anyway, I got my teddy back!
to rob - rabować
robber - rabuś
robbery - rabunek, napad rabunkowy
to steal - kraść
thief - złodziej
theft - kradzież
to burgle - włamać się
burglar - włamywacz
burglary - włamanie
to mug - napaść na ulicy
mugger - osoba, która napada na ulicy
mugging - napad na ulicy
to nick / to pinch - 'zwinąć', 'gwizdnąć'
pickpocket - złodziej kieszonkowy
cops and robbers - policjanci i złodzieje
fridge - lodówka
spoils - łup, łupy
teddy - misio
a shoplifter - złodziej sklepowy
shoplifting - kradzież towarów ze sklepu
LESSON 9
remind - remember (also: recollect, reminisce)
James: Hello, Mr Jenkins.
Mr J: How are things at the office?
James: Oh fine, just fine.
Mr J: Good, good. Did you remember to call the printers?
James: The printers.... er no, Mr Jenkins.
Mr J: But I left a note to remind you to call the printers.
J: Yes, Mr Jenkins.
Mr J: And the order for the new furniture. Did you remember to send it?
James: The order... for the furniture... No, Mr Jenkins.
Mr J: But I rang and reminded you to send it! And... the report?
James: No, Mr Jenkins. No, I didn't remember to write the report. Erm, Mr Jenkins...
Mr J: Yes, yes, what is it?
James: Erm, Mr Jenkins, did you remember to buy a present for your wife?
Mr J: Oh, no! Why didn't someone remind me!!!
to remember - pamiętać
to remind - przypominać
to recollect - pamiętać, przypominać sobie
to reminisce - wspominać (na ogół mile)
printers - drukarnia
order - zamówienie, zlecenie
furniture - meble
to call, to ring, to phone - dzwonić
zapamiętaj!
You remember something
You remember to do something, or
You remember doing something
You remind somebody to do something
You recollect something
And you reminisce about something
I nie zapominaj o czasowniku 'zapominać' - to forget
I jeszcze garść rzeczowników:
(to remember) - memory, remembrance
(to remind) - reminder
(to recollect) - recollection
(to reminisce) - reminiscence(s)
LESSON 10
say - tell - speak - talk
Sue: I beg your pardon!! Did you say something?
Andy: No, I didn't say anything.
Sue: Yes, you did.
Andy: No. I said nothing, nothing at all.
Sue: Yes, you did. You said I was fat. And I've told you not to mention that again. I told you not to talk about my appearance. I told you to forget about my weight.
Andy: But, Sue, Sue. I didn't say `You're fat'. Actually, I said, 'Your hat'. Look, over there, on the floor, your hat, your hat.
to say - mówić
to tell - mówić, kazać, opowiadać
to speak - mówić
to talk - mówić, rozmawiać, gadać
to mention - nadmieniać
appearance - wygląd
weight - waga
fat - gruby
LESSON 11
make - earn
...
eljasz12