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Encyclopedia of
mongolia and
the mongol empire
Christopher P. Atwood
Indiana University, Bloomington
 
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For Jeffrey and Claire
w
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
Copyright © 2004 by Christopher P. Atwood
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the
publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Atwood, Christopher Pratt, 1964–
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire / Christopher P. Atwood.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4671-9 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4381-2922-8 (e-book)
1. Mongolia—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
DS798.4.A88 2004
951.7’3’003—dc222003061696
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti-
ties for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our
Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Joan M. Toro
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Maps by Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
 
C ONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Maps
iv
Introduction
vii
Entries A to Z
1
Rulers and Leaders of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
625
Chronology
630
Bibliography
638
Index
640
 
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
AND M APS
Photographs & Illustrations
Collecting argal (dried dung) for fuel. Shiliin Gol,
Inner Mongolia, 1987
15
Mongol soldier with a bow and arrow and flintlock, around 1870
20
Map of Ongni’ud Left Banner, Inner Mongoli
31
The White Pagoda in Beijing, designed by Aniga
49
The Wheel of Samsara
51
The town of Kyren (Buriat, Khüren) in the valley of the Irkut (Buriat,
Erkhüü) River
58
Two Transbaikal Buriat taishas with their wives and
three daughters, 1890
63
Buddhist temple at Gusinoozersk (Goose Lake) around 1770
65
Khainag (yak-cattle crossbreeds) grazing near the shore of
Lake Khöwsgöl, 1992
77
Empress Chabui (d. 1281), wife of Qubilai Khan, wearing a boqta
82
Storefront of a Chinese firm in Khüriye (modern Ulaanbaatar)
96
Chinggis Khan (1206–1227). Anonymous court painter
99
Deel, or caftan, from a Yuan-era tomb excavated on the Onon River in
southern Siberia 112
Leather belts and pouches from a Yuan-era tomb in Chita Region 113
“Yellow Milk” being fermented to make khuruud (a hard cheese) 124
Kalmyk women and children in a yurt, brewing distilled milk liquor 125
Elbek-Dorzhi Rinchino and General Danzin, summer 1924
129
Danzin-Rabjai (1803–1856)
131
Alexander killing the Habash monster, from the Demotte Shahnama
145
Coffin of Chinggis Khan and Börte after the spring sacrifice in 1935
162
War flag of the theocratic state, 1911–1919
180
Khangai (forest-steppe) landscape, Bulgan Province, 1992
181
iv
 

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