Intervention_Pinov_en.pdf

EU-RUSSIA ENERGY DIALOGUE

TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

SMALL HYDRO POWER FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

OF REGIONS ON AN EXAMPLE IN NORTH OSSETIA (RUSSIA).

Y. MALAKH, Co-Director, T. WOELLERT, Co-Director, A. PINOV, Coordinator for Renewables.

www.technologycentre.org , www.eur.ru

THE EU- RUSSIA TECHNOLOGY CENTRE.

The EU-Russia Technology Centre (TC) is the first concrete result of the EU-Russia Energy

Dialogue, which was started in 2000 by initiative of the Presidents of the RF and the EU with the

purpose of developing a long-term energy partnership between the EU and Russia.

The main objective of the Centre is to strengthen co-operation between Russia and the

EU in the sphere of advanced energy technologies in the sectors of oil, gas, coal,

electricity, new and renewable energies and energy savings. With the purpose of fulfilling this

task, the Centre will:

– Promote the exchange of information about advanced

energy technologies and organise and co-ordinate activities which will facilitate

contacts between EU and Russian energy sector actors;

– Identify, evaluate, facilitate and assist in promoting of concrete technology

co-operation projects in the above-mentioned energy sectors,

– Liaise and co-ordinate joint activities with other Russian and EU Energy Centers

operating in Russia and the EU, and to promote the creation of a common

information space for disseminating energy technologies.

The activities of this Centre will contribute to attracting mutually-beneficial

investments into the spheres covered by the Centre.

Activity of the TC in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency is coordinated by

EREC (European Council on Renewable Energy, Belgium) and "Intersolarcenter" (Russia).

Within the framework of the TC activity the most promising Russian projects on the use of

renewable sources of energy will be selected and prioritised with the aim to conduct feasibility

studies and attract investments necessary for their realization. The Russian projects in the field of

small hydropower (SHP) are judged of a being of great interest by the TC.

THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA - ALANIA

North Ossetia-Alania is one of the sovereign republics of Russian Federation. It is situated on

the northern slopes of the central Caucasus between two of the highest mountain peaks in Europe,

Elbrous (5613m) and Kazbeck (5047m).

North Ossetia-Alania is one of the smallest, most densely populated and multi-cultural republics in

Russian Federation. The findings of the last census of 2002 show that the population of 646,000

inhabitants represents about 100 nationalities living on an area of 8,000 sq.km. (81 people to every

sq.km.). Vladikavkaz is the capital of North Ossetia-Alania.

North Ossetia is a highly developed industrial republic. A high concentration of labour and

important industries such as non-ferrous metallurgy, electronics, chemical industries, machine

building, starch and molasses production and food processing determine the significance of the

Republic among the CIS countries and Russian Federation.

More than 130 industrial enterprises of the Republic produce lead, zinc, dolomite, sulphuric acid,

electric bulbs, glassware, refractory metals and polymer items. These products are exported to

many countries of the world.

North Ossetia has a unique natural and climatic environment. More than half of the territory

of the Republic is occupied by high mountains, rich in deciduous and coniferous woods, as well as

alpine pastures. There is an area of 100,000 hectares of ecologically clean alpine pastures.

There are 250 springs of 10 types of table and mineral water with highly effective tonic and

curative characteristics. In spite of their unique features and chemical composition, only a few of

them have been commercially exploited.

The beauty of North Ossetian mountains attracts tourists from many countries, for they have the

opportunity of hunting, mountain climbing, trekking and skiing.

Unfortunately, all these sectors are developed insufficiently and the most important reason

for it is an insufficiently developed energy sector. The power system of the Republic is extremely

weak, both in the capacity and in the quality of electric energy.

The electricity consumption of the North Ossetia-Alania Republic in the years 2001 and 2002

reached 2,082 million kWh and 2,086 million kWh accordingly. During these years the own

power generation capacities produced 306.5 million kWh and 331.2 million kWh only. Thus,

85.3 % of the electricity demand was met by its purchases from the federal energy system

FOREM in 2001; this figure was 84.1 % in 2002. A cost for the electricity from FOREM is

relatively high, the electricity blackouts are often.

At the same time the Republic has abundant mineral resources and its numerous mountain

rivers could serve as an important source of electricity. The Government of the Republic has asked

the TC to organize the development and realization small hydropower projects, which will create a

good basis for the sustainable development of the Republic. Hereinafter we are introducing the

firsts of such projects.

URUH RIVERHEAD AND BILYAGIDON RIVER SHP PROJECTS .

Introduction

The main objective of the projects realisation is to exploit the technical and economical

opportunities for the rational and optimal use of environmentally clean and renewable hydro

energy resources of the Uruh riverhead basin. The projects are also aimed at the creation of a

stable electricity supply which is needed for the modernisation and further development of the

existing recreation and tourist facilities as well as for the overall economy of the region.

The projects are prepared by “Intersolarcenter” in cooperation with a group of specialists

of JSC “Kabbalk-GES” (Nalchik) and JSC “MNTO INSET” (St. Petersburg). For many years

these organizations have been cooperating in the field of design, construction, power equipping, as

well as exploitation of SHP stations in North Caucasus region, in particular in its mountain

regions.

However, it is important to bear in mind that the presented schemes do not use all the

opportunities of energy use of Uruh river and its confluents, including the Bilyagidon river which,

in particular, has favorable conditions for the construction of SHP stations on the upper sections of

the river. Of course, the energy parameters and the order of the proposed stations are to be

specified in accordance with required levels and regimes of present and perspective energy

consumption in the considered area.

1. Initial statements

1.1. Areas considered for the projects.

The projects consider energy use schemes at the Uruh river and its right side Tanadon river

confluent which are adjoined to an existing tourist facility at 2,270 – 1680 meter level; the left side

confluent into the Uruh river – lower part of the Bilyagidon river at 1600 – 1280 m level is also

considered. The first location choice is defined by the vicinity to the major consumers; the second

choice is made due to the attractive watercourse size and also due to its uniformity and the clarity

of its flow during the year.

The opportunity to build the SHP stations on the lower placed sections of the Uruh river

and its tributaries is also considered. In particular, there are favorable conditions for construction

at the Bilyagidon river.

1.2. Hydrology and energy-wise used flow

In accordance with the lack of stationary monitoring of the changes in water regimes of the

considered water course, this research includes the data on annual average use of the Uruh river in

different places. The river flow rate is calculated by JSC “Hydro-project Institute” during the

development of the river energy-wise use schemes.

The water flow rate is calculated below (m 3 /sec.):

2255 m.

1,680

m.,

below

1,380 m., below

Karayugom

1,105 m., below

Aigamuga

Tanadon

river

estuary

2.61

5.43

13.5

16.6

As a result of this data analysis, annual average flow rates of the rivers in the considered section

lines for suggested water intakes are:

Uruh river, 2,270 m level

Tanadon river, 2,055 m

level

Bilyagidon river, 1,600 m

level

2.61 m 3 /sec.

1.5 m 3 /sec.

3-5 m 3 /sec.

According to the experience in SHP stations design on mountain rivers, which are

characterized by irregularity of the water flow, the economically justified maximum discharge

levels of the SHPS are equal to the doubled annual average discharges of a river section line.

In this case, an average multiyear energy-wise used discharge reaches 83-85% of average

multiyear river flow in the given section line. Such approach is used for the estimation of output

of SHPSs to be built at Uruh (2,270 m levels) and Tanadon (2,270 m levels) rivers.

Concerning the Bilyagidon river, taking into account its uniformity of discharge during

course of year, the SHPS rated discharge is accepted at levels of average river flow rate in section

line of water intake ( 1,600 m level); 2 cases were considered – 3 and 5 m 3 /sec.

1.3. Design solutions and environmental protection

Taking into account the environmental uniqueness of discussed region, the proposed

designs are oriented on the minimal environmental impact by the SHPS construction and

preventing the creation of dangerous man-caused situation. These design solutions foresee the use

of low-head water intakes and underground penstocks and for free-flow water channels - the use

of chute constructions made of ferroconcrete and stonework.

1.4. Required power equipment

In the proposed schemes unified (for all SHPSs) Pelton turbine – K 450-96 can be used.

This turbine is manufactured by “MNTO INSET”, St Petersburg.. Each hydro turbine consists of

twin turbines mounted on one generator shaft. The range of rated heads of these hydro turbines is

200-450 m, the maximum discharges are up to 1.8 m 3 /s, the efficiency is about 84-86 %.

2. The hydro energy use schemes

2.1. Cascade of SHPSs on the Uruh riverhead.

The proposed schemes (see schemes 1 and 2) foresee the construction of a two-stage SHP

station cascade with a total head of 590 m. The upper station uses only the Uruh river flow, and

the lower station uses the Tanadon river flow additionally. This is ensured by the creation of an

intermediate reach at the western pass of Kubus mountain (2,055 m level). The high position of

this reach allows simple organization of water intake from the Tanadon river and, thus, to

increase the discharge used at the lower station of the cascade.

The following two options of the cascade creation have been considered:

Option 1

The water is drawn out of the Uruh river by the low-head water intake at 2,270 m level and

is further advanced through a derivative chute and a steel penstock to the SHPS-1 building at

2,057 m level with discharges up to 5 m 3 /s. The rated head of SHPS-1 is 212 meters, the rated

capacity is 8.7 MW, the number of hydro turbines equals to 3, the volume of used water flow

makes 68 mln. m 3 , the average annual electricity output is 33 mln. kWh

The water from SHPS-1 passes through the free-flow tunnel to the interim reach. At this

point, the water flow of the Tanadon river (with discharges up to 3 m 3 /s) is added to the water

flow from the SHPS-1. Further, the water with discharge of about 8 m 3 /s is passed through the

underground penstock to the lower station of the cascade (SHPS-2) with downstream water line at

1,680 m level. The rated head of the HPS-2 equals to 370 m, the rated capacity is 24 MW, the

number of hydro turbines equals to 5, the volume of used water flow makes 107 mln. m 3 , an

average annual output of electricity is 90 million kWh.

Total cascade energy output:

•

rated capacity – 32.7 MW

•

average annual electricity output– 123 million kWh

Option 2

The SHPS-1 is placed right before the intermediate reach and the water from the Uruh

river water intake passes to the SHPS-1 through the underground pressured penstock. The rated

head is 210 m, the rated capacity is 8.5 MW, the number of hydro turbines - 3, the average annual

electricity output is 32 million kWh.

The scheme and energy parameters of SHPS-2 are the same as for Option 1 .

Total cascade energy output:

•

rated capacity -32.5 MW

• Average annual electricity output – 122 million kWh.

The cost of the cascade construction under each option is estimated at about 23 million USD.

2.2. SHPS on the Bilyagidon river.

Sheet number 3 presents the suggested scheme of the considered river area use. The water

from the water intake unit with at 1,600 m level passes to the SHPS (with downstream water line

level 1,280 m) through a derivative chute and a steel penstock. The energy parameters of SHPS

are determined for two calculated discharges – 3 and 5 m 3 /s and also with a number of hours rated

power use equal 7,000 and 6,000. The rated head is 325 m, rated capacity is 8 and 13.4 MW, the

number of hydro turbines is 2 and 3, the electricity output equals to 56 and 80 mln kWh, the

construction cost equals to 6.2 and 9.5 million USD correspondingly.

3. Efficiency Estimate and Order of Construction

The energy and cost parameters of the considered schemes for the water flow energy use

of the upper Uruh river water course indicate a high level of economic efficiency of the suggested

SHPSs. The specific investments for one kW of rated capacity do not exceed about 700 USD, and

the cost of one kWh is at level of 0.025-0.03 USD. These figures are significantly lower than

analogous figures for HPSs which are currently under construction in Russia (Irganaiskaya HPS –

1,150 USD/kW and 0.08 USD/kWh, Bureiskaya HPS – 1,264 USD/kW and 0.07 USD/kWh,

Zaramagskaya HPS – 731 USD/kW and 0.06 USD/kWh).

The conducted research allows to recommend the following construction order for

suggested SHP stations.

The construction of the Bilyagidon station and SHPS-2 of Kubusky cascade is the first

priority project. Thus, it is reasonable to carry out the construction of the capacities on a step-by-

step basis and according to the results of the more detailed research of water regime of the

Bilyagidon and the Tanadon rivers. The construction terms for the upper stage of the cascade at

Kubusky SHPS and the technological scheme of the construction execution are recommended for

definition at the next phase of hydropower resources development at the Uruh river depending on

the dynamic of electricity consumption.

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