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MasterFileColdWxManual.PDF
Northern Warfare Training Center
COLD WEATHER
OPERATIONS MANUAL
OCTOBER 2000
Contents
Chapter 1 The Soldier and the Environment
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
1-2
The Cold Weather Environment
1-2
Types of Cold
1-5
Wind-chill
1-5
Effects of Cold on Military Operations
1-5
Effects of Cold on Personnel
1-6
Existing in the Cold
1-6
Positive Leadership and the Right Attitude
1-6
Conclusion
1-7
Chapter 2 Personal Clothing and Equipment
CONTENTS
PAGE
The Cold Weather Clothing System
2-2
Design Principles
2-2
Wet- Cold Vs Dry- Cold
2-3
Extended Cold Weather Clothing System
2-3
Tips on Wearing & Maintenance of Clothing
2-3
Cold Weather Equipment
2-4
Sleeping Equipment
2-4
Load Carrying Equipment
2-5
Over Snow Movement Equipment
2-6
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Chapter 3 Group Equipment
CONTENTS
PAGE
Tent Group Equipment
3-2
Scow Sled (Ahkio)
3-3
Ten Man Arctic Tent
3-3
Yukon Stove
3-6
Squad Stove
3-10
Other Items
3-12
*Space Heater Arctic
App. I
Chapter 4 Rations and Diet
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
4-2
Rations
4-2
Liquids
4-2
Tips for Leaders
4-3
Chapter 5 Medical Considerations
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
5-2
Dehydration
5-2
Hypothermia
5-2
Immersion or Trench Foot
5-3
Frostbite
5-4
Constipation
5-5
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
5-5
Snowblindness
5-5
Sunburn
5-6
High Altitude Illnesses
5-6
Acute Mountain Illness
5-6
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema
5-6
High Altitude Cerebral Edema
5-7
Foot Care
5-7
Water Purification
5-7
Personal Hygiene
5-8
Heat Injuries
5-8
Tips for Leaders
5-8
Chapter 6 Living in the Cold
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
6-2
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Bivouac Sites
6-2
Site Selection
6-2
Site Reconnaissance
6-3
Occupation
6-6
Security
6-7
Duties of Tent Group Leaders
6-8
Organization Within a Tent
6-9
Heating at Night
6-10
Latrines
6-11
Waste Disposal
6-11
Breaking Camp
6-12
Striking Tents
6-13
Improvised Shelters
6-14
Chapter 7 Navigation and Route Selection
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
7-2
Navigation Problems
7-2
Navigation techniques
7-3
Dead Reckoning
7-3
Distance Measuring
7-4
Direction
7-5
Determining Direction by Expedient Means
7-5
Navigational Patrol
7-7
Route Selection
7-7
Avalanche Hazard Identification
7-8
Chapter 8 Over-Snow Mobility
CONTENTS
PAGE
Over-snow Mobility on the Modern Battlefield
8-2
Skiing vs. Snowshoeing
8-2
Skiing
8-3
Skijoring
8-4
Snowshoeing
8-5
Trail Breaking
8-6
Ahkio Pulling
8-8
Chapter 9 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
Contents
Page
Introduction
9-2
Nuclear
9-2
Biological
9-3
Chemical
9-3
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Chapter 10 Helicopter Operations
CONTENTS
PAGE
I ntroduction
10-2
Landing Zones
10-2
Preparation of Personnel and Equipment
10-4
Embarkation and Debarkation
10-5
Chapter 11 Effects of Cold on Military Equipment
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
11-2
Effect of Cold on Military Vehicles
11-2
Cold Weather Related Weapons Problems
11-3
Tips to Remember for Organic Weapons
11-4
Effect of Cold on Communication Equipment
11-8
Chapter 12 Offensive Tactical Considerations
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
12-2
Tactical Aims in Cold Weather
12-2
Control Measures
12-2
Contact Drills in Snow
12-3
Task Organization
12-3
Camouflage
12-5
Chapter 13 Defensive Tactical Considerations
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
13-2
Defense of the Temporary Bivouac
13-2
Defensive Positions
13-3
Patrolling
13-6
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Load Bearing Capacity of Fresh Water Ice
Appendix B
Movement Planning Guide for Skis or Snowshoes
Appendix C
Weapons Penetration Tables
Appendix D
Wind Chill Chart
Appendix E
Winter Skills Evaluation Checklist
Appendix F
Cold Weather Operations of the Small Unit Support Vehicle
Appendix G
Swingfire Heater Use
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Appendix H
NSN’s of Cold Weather Equipment
Appendix I
Space Heater Arctic Chapter 1
The Soldier And The Environment
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction
1-2
The Cold Weather Environment
1-2
Types of Cold
1-5
Wind-chill
1-5
Effects of Cold on Military Operations
1-5
Effects of Cold on Personnel
1-6
Existing in the Cold
1-6
Positive Leadership and the Right Attitude
1-6
Conclusion
1-7
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